Liverpool and the Tories, 1812-30

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When did Luddism emerge?
1811
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What kind of people were Luddites?
traditional handloom weavers and craftsmen
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Name 3 other economic factors that caused unrest during this time
bad harvests (drought), increase in food prices, unemployment in cities
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What was the government action against Luddism?
Made punishable by death (1812), 12,000 troops stationed in industrialized areas, spies and informers
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What did Luddism show? (2)
Industrial change was causing hardship and unrest, organized industrial violence required large troops to contain it, fluctuating wheat prices + trade fluctuations = dangerous levels of unrest
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What were some key elements of unrest found in 1815? (2)
high wheat prices, unemployment (300,000 soldiers returning), rising population = larger workforce vulnerable to trade fluctuations, iron industry loss, trade took a while to get back to normal
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Name 2 different aims of the reform movement
slowing down industrial change, parliamentary reforms (further change), revolutionary violence (new society)
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What did clubs depend on?
Working class distress fueled by slumps (hunger politics)
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What was suspended in 1817?
Habeas Corpus
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What did local magistrates ban?
Public meetings
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Why could you say there was no danger of revolution after 1812?
Central government wasn't weak like France, government used legal action and force, no link between middle class discontent and mobs, unrest tied to hunger politics
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Name 3 of the 6 acts passed in 1819
Training prevention act, seizure of arms act, seditious meetings prevention act, misdemeanors act, blasphemous and seditious libels act, newspaper and stamp duty act
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What did the seizure of arms act mean?
Local magistrates could search anyone or any property for weapons
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What did the seditious meetings prevention act entail?
no groups over 50
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What did the newspaper and stamp duty act entail?
duty on papers with opinions
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By whom and when were the Hampden clubs formed?
1812, John Cartwright
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What did the Hampden clubs do?
Held meetings and published meetings, encouraged union of upper/middle class reformers with working class
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Can the Hampden clubs be seen as successful?
Yes - the government were unsuccessful in using spies and informants in 1813, and the clubs inspired other organisations
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Where were the leaders of the Blanketeers arrested?
In Stockport
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Where and when did the Peterloo massacre occur, how many people were there, and who was speaking?
St Peter's fields in Manchester in 1819, 50,000 to 60,000, Henry Hunt
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How many people were killed and wounded by the yeomanry
15 killed, 400 wounded
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How did the authorities view the people during the Peterloo Massacre?
As a threat
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Name 5 aims of the Cato Street conspirators
to murder the entire cabinet, kill George IV, seize the Tower of London, seize the Bank of England, set up a provisional government
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CORN LAW
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Name 3 reasons why Liverpool seemed to favor opposition to change and reform
He did not adopt Free Trade policies (favored by Pitt before 1793), did not support Catholic Emancipation, got rid of income tax and relied on indirect taxes which hit the poor rather than the rich
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Which of Pitt's policies did Liverpool follow?
the repression of radicalism
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How did the Corn Law make Liverpool appear?
As favoring class-based policies and acting in the interests of the landed classes
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In 1822 the composition of the cabinet changed. These were better times - name 3 reasons why
better economically, better harvests, higher employment, radicalism had died down, Europe was more stable and at peace, the French revolution had given way to a constitutional monarchy
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What was "Liberal Toryism"
alleged acceptance for the need of change and progress
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How would people argue against Liberal Toryism
Saying it was only a myth and that it was simply a more sophisticated form of conservatism which did a better job of defending the rule of the privileged elite - reactionary: only making limited changes
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Name 3 modern and humane measures introduced by Peel at the home office
Death penalty removed for petty crimes, judges paid salaries (to ensure fairness), hundreds of laws repealed and turned into 8, jails required to hold inspections and report results, Metropolitan Police force set up (1829)
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Name 3 severe and backwards looking measures
still an average of 63 executions a year, many executions given but disapproved by judges (too harsh), let more people hang than any predecessor in office
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What did the Trade Reciprocity act of 1823 do?
Lowered duties on foreign imports
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What was the maximum duty on imported goods?
30%
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What encouraged more trade of foreign products?
Foreign ships were allowed cheaper and easier access to British ports
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With with country was trade encouraged?
Newly independent South America
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During which years did customs revenue increase by 64%?
1821-27
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In which years was the Corn Law modified to include a sliding scale of added tax to imported wheat?
1822 and 1828
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What did the Chancellor of the Exchequer lower duties on?
imports such as spirits, coal and iron
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Why was there a banking crisis in 1825?
Dubious new companies (600, due to South American Trade) - banks led money - companies failed
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In which years were the Combination Acts passed and repealed?
1799-1800, 1824
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Which Act was passed in 1825?
Combination of Workmen Act
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What were the Test and Corporations Acts?
They meant that people could not run corporations unless they were Anglican, and officers of the crown/govmt/parliament had to an oath by the church
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What restrictions still existed after the repeal of these Acts? (3)
Only Anglican ministers could conduct marriage services, restrictions on burials of nonconformists and Catholics, Catholics couldn't hold office or be MPs
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What percentage of Ireland was Catholic?
80%
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Who was against giving Catholics the right to be MPs?
The King
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What did Daniel O'Connell achieve?
Set up the (successful) Catholic association in 1823 which did well in the general elections in 1826, O'Connell ran as a candidate for a constituency and won
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When did Peel reluctantly introduce Catholic Emancipation?
1829
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What did Catholics have to do if they wanted to be MPs?
Swear to reject the Pope over anything but religious affairs, pay £10 (used to be 40s)
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What did the unpopularity of this act cause Peel to do?
resign from Oxford
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Name 2 things that changed between 1822 and 1830
more free trade, some restrictions on religions lifted
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Name 2 things that remained the same between 1822 and 1830
Corn Laws remained (although modified), duties on trade lessened but not removed, difficult for workers to improve conditions, Church of England remained established church
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Name 2 post 1815 "Liberal Tories" Ideas
reduce increasing crime levels, prevent unrest and keep power in the hands of the elite
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Which decade was a time of economic revival, growth and prosperity?
1820s
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Name 3 problems that Liverpool had to deal with as Prime Minister
Had to prevent the government from being stuck in the past, show that his ministry was better than the Whigs, and deal with post-war problems
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Name 3 reasons why Liverpool could be seen as less successful than his successors, Canning and Wellington
He didn't have a personality, his pre-1822 policies were seen as repressive, his parliament didn't tackle some modern issues (Catholic Emancipation, Parliamentary reform)
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Name 2 reasons why Canning could be seen as less successful than Liverpool
the Whigs didn't support him, he split the Tories, Peel and Wellington wouldn't serve under him, he had to avoid Catholic Emancipation and Reform
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Name a reason why Wellington could be seen as less successful than Liverpool, and 2 reason why he could be seen as more successful
Had less experience but revised the Corn Law and passed the Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What kind of people were Luddites?

Back

traditional handloom weavers and craftsmen

Card 3

Front

Name 3 other economic factors that caused unrest during this time

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the government action against Luddism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What did Luddism show? (2)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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