Linguistics 101

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  • Created by: kyotomani
  • Created on: 27-05-18 14:35
Define Homonomy
Two words that look the same but have unrelated meanings E.g. Bank meaning a place where money is stored, and Bank as in a river bank
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Define Synonymy
Two words that are different but mean the same thing E.g. Child and Infant
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Define Hyponymy
When one word is an umbrella term for other words, the umbrella term is the hypernym, the other words are the hyponyms.
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Define Antonymy
Two words that have completely opposite meanings
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What are the 4 types of Antonym
Gradable, Binary, Reversible, Relational
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Define Meronymy
A whole - part relationship E.g. Book - Page
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Define Metonymy
A relationship of association, for example when a word such as 'The White House' is used to refer to the US government
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Define Polysemy
Two words spelt the same with related meaning E.g. Wood and Wood meaning Timber and a group of trees
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What is a reference
The link between an expression and a specific entity
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What is a denotation
The set of all possible referents
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What is the difference between intension and extension
The Extension is the set of all possible referents, the intension however is a specific definition, and the concept behind the word. This allows the extension to stay the same, rather than changing after periods of time.
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What are the four process types
Verbal, material, mental, relational
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Describe the system network for material processes
Material processes -> Action/Event -> (Action) Intention/supervention
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Describe the system network for mental processes
Mental -> Perception, reaction, cognitive
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Describe the system network for relational processes
Relational -> Intensive, possessive, circumstantial
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How do we break down verbal processes
Sayer, target, verbiage
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What are the three metafunctions and what do they represent
Experiential - to talk about our experiences with the world, interpersonal - to communicate with others, textual - to organise our thoughts
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How do we break down a sentence into experiential perspective
Actor, Process, Goal, Circumstance
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How do we break down a sentence into interpersonal perspective
Subject, Finite, Predicator, Complement, Adjunct
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How do we break down a sentence into textual perspective
Theme, Rheme
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Name all of the semantic roles
Agent, patient, experiencer, stimulus, beneficiary, source, goal
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What are the 4 discourse functions
Exclamative, declarative, interrogative, imperative
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What are the 4 types of deixis
Spatial (Here/There), Temporal (Today, 2 weeks ago), Personal (I, we, you), Social (Tu/Vous)
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What is the difference between semantics and pragmatics
Semantics deals with the literal meaning expressed by the words used, whereas pragmatics is the non literal meaning that we know through context
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What are the 4 pragmatic contexts
Physical - The environment, Linguistic - What has previously been said, Epistemic - Shared knowledge, Social - Social dynamics e.g. who is older
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What are the 4 Gricean maxims
Quality - Telling the truth, Quantity - Not saying too much or too little, Manner - Present it in a logical way, Relation - Say things related to the current discourse
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What are the three acts in speech
Locutionary - Literal meaning, Illocutionary - What is meant, Perlocutionary - The actions taken due to that discourse being uttered
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Name 6 presuppositional triggers
It clefts, again, stopped, factive verbs, definite descriptions, comparative of equality
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What can pre modify a Noun
Article, genitive, adjective, participle, another noun, quanitities, numerals, demonstrative (this/that)
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What can post modify a Noun
Adjectives, prepositions, relative clauses (which/what), infinitives, participles
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What can pre modify an adjective
Adverbs e.g. very hungry
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What can post modify an adjective
Prepositional phrases, infinitives, clauses
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What can pre modify a preposition
Adverbs
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What can post modify a preposition
Noun phrases (in London), adjectives (as superior), prepositional phrases (from under the bridge)
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What are the parameters for classifying verbs
Common/proper, count/non-count, concrete/abstract
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Define entailment
Entailment is when sentence A would say the same thing as sentence B e.g if sentence A was 'The boy is wearing a red jumper' and Sentence B was 'The boy is wearing a jumper'. However it doesn't entail if its the other way round because we don't know
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Define contradiction
When sentence A and sentence B don't express the same thing. E.g. The animal is a dog and the animal is a cat. The sentence states a different thing either way
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Define paraphrasing
If both sentences state the same thing using different expression. E.g. The infant likes milk and The child enjoys drinking milk
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What are the different semantic meanings of subordinate clauses
Temporal, conditional, concessive, comparative, result, reason
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Define Synonymy

Back

Two words that are different but mean the same thing E.g. Child and Infant

Card 3

Front

Define Hyponymy

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Define Antonymy

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What are the 4 types of Antonym

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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