There are two aspects to human being (physical body and non physical soul). Tend to beleive in life after death
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What do monists believe?
1 substance (the physical body). Reject life after death
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What is a substance?
Something that relies on nothing else for its own existence
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What is a property?
Something that relies on a substance for its own existence
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What is the argument from knowledge?
When people understand something they recognise it to be true. This is because learning is a process of recollection/anamnesis
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What is the argument from opposites?
Everything in the physical world consists of opposites. For there to be someTHING rather than noTHING, the soul must exist
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What is Descartes' famous quote and what does it mean?
"I think therefore I am" - Cannot doubt your own existence because of the act of doubting
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What are some of the issues with dualism?
Interactionism - how two mutually exclusive substances interact.
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How does Gilbert Ryle criticise dualism?
Category mistake - error in categorising - mind isn't a separate parallel thing from the body. Ghost in the machine
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What are the two types of monism?
Material monism - only matter and the physical body exist. Idealism monism - only mind and spirit exist
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What is Aristotle's understanding of the soul?
Our animating principle - description on the capabilities or functions of a human being.
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What were Aristotle's views on the afterlife?
Unclear what he thought. Suggestion that intellectual thought could be separated from body/soul
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Criticism of monism?
Seems both dualist and monist
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What was Dawkins view on the soul?
A myth created to explain what we don't understand. Soul 1 and soul 2
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What are soul 1 and soul 2?
Soul 1: Traditional, dualist, Platonic view (rejected by Dawkins) Soul 2: Metaphorical and symbolic
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What is a meme?
Ideas passed on from brain to brain. Similar to a legacy
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What is Dawkins view on the afterlife?
Rejects it. Claims physical death is the end and that we are very lucky accidents
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What is John Hick's theory?
Replica Theory
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What is psycho-somatic unity?
A unity of body and soul, but not dualist
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What is traducianism?
Soul is passed down from parents, not implanted by God
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What is replica theory?
Resurrection as a divine action where an exact replica is created in a different place
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What are the criticisms of replica theory?
A J Ayer - not verifiable. Eschatological verification. What is it a replica of (terminal illnesses replicated?)?
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What is resurrection?
The promise of an ultimate post-death existence in a re-created human body. A traditional Judoist and Christian teaching
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Strengths of resurrection theory
1. Consistent with biblical testimony. 2. Gives value to the physical body. 3. Avoids the mind/body pitfalls of dualism
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Weaknesses of resurrection theory
1. In many ways the body is a source of weakness, better without it. 2. Idea of a remade body is strange and incoherent. 3. Questionable biblical source
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What is reincarnation?
A hindu and Sikh belief that the soul is eternal and will be reborn into a new body
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Issues with the Augustinian theodicy
1. Hell is immoral, infinite punishment for finite sin. 2. God predestining seems to contradict human free will
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Reincarnation and the problem of evil
Karma
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What is Karma?
The idea that actions in previous lives lead directly to current situation
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What do monists believe?
Back
1 substance (the physical body). Reject life after death
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