LEDC Volcano Case Study

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What was the total loss in value of people's homes and investments?
£1 billion.
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What was destroyed by pyroclastic flows?
Over 20 villages and two thirds of homes.
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How was tourism affected?
Tourists stayed away and businesses were destroyed, disrupting the economy. However, tourism on the island is now increasing as people come to see the volcano. Last year, tourism brought £12 million to the economy.
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What other buildings were destroyed?
Schools, hospitals, the airport and the port were destroyed.
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How many people died? How many were injured?
19 people died and seven were injured.
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How many people lost their homes?
Hundreds of people.
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Other than pyroclastic flows, what else destroyed buildings?
Fires, scuh as local government offices, the police headquarters, and petrol stations.
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How has the population been affected?
It has declined. 8,000 of the island's 12,000 inhabitants have left since the eruptions began in 1995. Around 4,000 of those came to the UK. This has caused there to be a skills shortage.
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How was farmland and vegetation affected?
Vegetation and farmland were destroyed, but the volcanic ash from the eruption has now improved soil fertility.
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Where was covered by volcanic material?
Large areas, as 75% of the island was covered in ash. The capital city, Plymouth, was buried under 12 metres of mud and ash.
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What percentage of the population became unemployed? Why was this?
50% of the population, due to the fact that their livelihoods mainly revolved around fishing, farming, and tourism.
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What health problems have been caused?
Respiratory problems.
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How much aid did the UK provide?
The UK provided £17 million of emergency aid, and £41 million of long-term aid to develop the north of the island. New docks, an airport, and houses have been built with this.
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How else did the UK provide aid for Montserrat?
Islanders were offered £2,500 each to relocate permanently to the UK, and in 2002 they were granted British citizenship.
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What evacuations took place?
People were evacuated from the south to the safe north of the island, with the first evacuations taking place in 1995. 5,000 evacuated this way.
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What role did the Royal Navy play in responses to the volcanic eruption?
They evacuated 4,000 people to Antigua using their ships.
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What role did the International Red Cross play?
They set up shelters to house evacuees. They also helped to build temporary infrastructure such as roads and electricity supplies.
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What did local emergency services provide in response to the volcanic eruption?
Support units for search and rescue survivors.
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What has been set up since the volcanic eruption?
A risk map and an exclusion zone. The south of the island is off-limits while the volcano is still intermittently active. The Montserrat Volcano Observatory has also been set up to try and predict future volcanic eruptions.
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What management had taken place in Montserrat before the volcanic eruption?
Scientists had studied the volcano in the 1980s but their report wasn't given a lot of attention.
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What management had not taken place in Montserrat before the volcanic eruption?
There was no disaster managment plan for a volcanic eruption. So when the volcano started erupting the responses were slow. Also, in the 1990s key infrastructure had been built in areas of risk, so when the volcano erupted this was destroyed.
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By having little management, how did this impact the volcanic eruption?
It increased the severity of the impacts as it hamepered the response efforts.
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What has been set up to attract tourists to the volcano?
'Volcano tours'. However, only 20-seater planes are allowed to land so this is not very efficient.
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Give an example of an LEDC volcanic eruption. When did this take place?
Soufriére Hills, Montserrat. In June 1997.
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What type of volcano is the Soufriére Hills? Where is it?
A composite volcano. It is on a destructive plate margin, where the North American Plate is being forced under the Caribbean Plate.
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When did the volcanic activity start to take place?
In 1995, when earthquakes, small eruptions, and lahars started.
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What volcanic activity took place in the main event?
There were a series of earthquakes, followed by pyroclastic flows. In the main event, 4 to 5 million cubed metres of material was released over a 20 minute period. The eruption produced a large ash cloud.
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Where did the pyroclastic flows cover?
Several square kilometres, and reached within 50 metres of the airport, which was 5.5 kilometres away from the volcano.
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What volcanic activity took place after the main event?
There were further eruptions over the next few months and the airport was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow on the 21st September 1997.
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What is the economic status of Montserrat?
It is a relatively poor LEDC, with the average household income of £2,800 each year.
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How is Montserrat related to the UK?
It is an overseas territory.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What was destroyed by pyroclastic flows?

Back

Over 20 villages and two thirds of homes.

Card 3

Front

How was tourism affected?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What other buildings were destroyed?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

How many people died? How many were injured?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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