LEDC Earthquake Case Study

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Give an example of an LEDC earthquake. When did this take place?
Kashmir, Pakistan. In October 2005
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What is the geographical characteristics of Kashmir?
It is in the north of Pakistan, and sits on a destructive plate margin where the Indian Plate is being forced under the Eurasian Plate, making it a highly seismic zone. Kashmir is north of the Himalayas.
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What time did the earthquake occur? How did this exemplify the impacts?
8.50 am (local time). Many children and employees were crushed going to school and work, as they got trapped on transportation systems.
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What was the magnitude of the earthquake?
7.6 on the Richter scale.
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Where was the focus and the epicentre?
The focus was at a depth of 16 miles, and the epicentre was close to Muzaffarabad.
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What caused the earthquake?
A movement along the plate margin, which caused a 75 kilometre long crack in the Earth's surface to form.
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What was the size of the area affected?
30,000 square kilometres. It was felt as far away as Kabul in Afghanistan and Delhi in India.
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By the 27th October 2005 how many aftershocks had been felt?
978 aftershocks, measuring at least 4 on the Richter scale.
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How destructive was the earthquake?
The 13th most destructive on record.
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How much did the earthquake cost in total?
US$5 billion.
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How many communities were destroyed?
Whole villages and thousands of buildings. 80% of the town of Uri was destroyed.
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How many buildings were affected 25 kilometres away from the epicentre?
25% of the buildings collapsed, and 50% of the the buildings were severely damaged.
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What was the total cost of rebuilding communities and buildings?
US$3.5 billion.
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How many deaths were there?
80,000, mostly caused by collapsed buildings. This is the 13th highest death toll of any earthquake on record.
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How many schools were destroyed?
8,000.
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How many people were injured?
Hundreds of thousands of people, including around 6,000 in India.
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How many people were made homeless?
3 million, with 1 million still being homeless after one year.
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How much cattle was killed?
100,000, causing many people to lose their livelihoods.
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What problems did landslides cause?
They buried people and buildings. They also blocked access roads and cut off water supplies, electricity supplies, and telephone lines.
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What spread due to little clean water?
Diarrhoea and dysentary.
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How did freezing conditions affect the impacts of the earthquake?
It caused more casualties and meant rescue and rebuilding operations were difficult.
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How much did the ground shift by in Kashmir due to the earthquake and surface rupture?
5 metres.
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Why did landslides and rockfalls occur?
There are lots of steep, unstable slopes, although most of them were relatively small.
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Where did the major landslides occur?
One in Muzaffarabad and one in the Jhelum Valley, each affecting an area of more than 0.1 sqaure kilometres.
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Which landslide was the biggest?
The Jhelum Valley. It was over 1 kilometre wide and the debris reached over 2 kilometres from the top of the slide. The debris created a dam at the bottom of the valley where two rivers joined, blocking them.
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What caused there to be greater risk?
The high population density, due to rapid population growth. 15 million lived in the affected area.
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Give examples of no hazard management taking place.
There was no local disaster planning in place, and communications were poor due to there beig few roads and they were badly constructed.
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Give examples of no hazard management taking place. (continued)
Buildings were not designed to be earthquake resistant. Many houses were structurally poor as people couldn't afford other building techniques. Even government headquarters in Muzaffarabad were damaged due to them being structurally unsound.
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How are most buildings built in Pakistan?
Of stone and cement blocks laid in weak sand or mud mortar. Others were dry stone or made from rounded cobbles courced from local rivers. Weak connections at corners and thin walls were also to blame.
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How much foreign aid did Pakistan receive?
$5.8 billion.
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What was responses ineffecient?
Help didn't reach many areas for days or weeks. People had to be rescued by hand without any equipment or help from emergency services, particularly in rural areas as helicopters could only get there which was impractical.
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What was distributed within one month?
Tents, blankets, and medical supplies, though not to all affected areas.
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How did the Indian Red Cross aid response?
They distributed 21,500 blankets.
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What did the Pakistani government set up?
The Federal Relief Commissoin and the Earthquake Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority to coordinate activities with other international agencies and non-government organisations.
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What did foreign aid provide in the short term?
Helicopters and rescue dogs, and teams of people. The UK worked along Muslim Aid with this.
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How many people were relocated from the destroyed town of Balakot?
40,000.
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How did the Red Cross contribute to the response effort?
They gave out water in Muzaffarabad.
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What has been with the government money?
Given to people whose homes had been destroyed so they can rebuild them themselves.
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What has been carried out by the government as a long term response?
Training has been provided to help rebuild more buildings as earthquake resistant, and new health centres have been set up in the area.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the geographical characteristics of Kashmir?

Back

It is in the north of Pakistan, and sits on a destructive plate margin where the Indian Plate is being forced under the Eurasian Plate, making it a highly seismic zone. Kashmir is north of the Himalayas.

Card 3

Front

What time did the earthquake occur? How did this exemplify the impacts?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What was the magnitude of the earthquake?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Where was the focus and the epicentre?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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