Lecture 15 - Epithelium III - Respiratory & Urinary System

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  • Created by: yasminw24
  • Created on: 07-01-18 13:59
What makes up the upper respiratory system?
From nasal cavity to the larynx at the start of the esophogus
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What makes up the lower respiratory system?
From the trachea to the diaphragm
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What is the function of the respiratory tract?
Gas exchange, Communication, Olfaction, Acid-base balance, blood pressure regulation, explusion of abdominal contents
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What are the characteristics of the olfactory epithelium?
Olfactory mucosa covers 5cm squared. It consists of 10 to 20 million olfactory cells as well as epithelial supporting cells&basal stem cells. Cilia are immobile. Olfactory cells are neurons
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What are the characteristics of the respiratory epithelium?
Lines rest of nasal cavity, cilia are mobile, goblet cells produce mucus, mucus captures dust, pollen, bacteria, and other foreign matter to avoid contaminating lungs
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What does the pharynx include?
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx, Superior portion of pharynx
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What is the tissue type of nasopharynx?
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium - only air
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What is the tissue type of oropharynx & laryngopharynx?
Stratified squamous epithelium - air, food, drink etc - protects epithelium from abrasion & chemical attack
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What is the tissue type of the superior portion of the pharynx?
Lined with mucous cells & mucus escalator
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What are the characteristics of the larynx?
Made of cartilage and muscle, important for speech & stopping food entering airway, in infants their larynx is high so infants can breathe and swallow simutaneously
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What are the characteristics of the trachea?
Smooth muscle contracts & relaxes to control airflow. Trachea C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage. Lined by ciliated epithelia, mucus produced by goblet cells, debris removal called mucocillary escalator
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What is the lamina propria?
A thin layer of loose connective tissue nourishes mucosal epithelium & is associated mucosal glands. Contains mucous glands&lymphocyte nodules
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What is the structure of the bronchial tree?
All bronchi lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium. Cells grow shorter, epithelium thinner as distally.Contains elastic tissue - recoil respiratory cycles. Smooth muslce layer constrict, dilate airway, rgulate airflow
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What are bronchioles?
No cartilage, 1mm or less in diameter, ciliated cuboidal epithelium, smooth muscle
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What are terminal bronchioles?
no mucus, 65,000 of them
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What are respiratory bronchioles?
Have alevoli off them
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What are the alveolus?
Many tiny air sacs of lungs allow for rapid gaseous exchange, simple squamous epithelium, alveolar cells repiar and release surfactant to alveoli, alveolus macrophages phagocytose dust and debris,distance air to blood less than 1 nanometre
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What is pleural membrane?
Serous membrane with two layers. 1 layer parietal layer against ribs. other layer is visceral layer against lung. Between two layer is pleural cavity contains pleural fluid
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What is the function of the pleural membrane?
Lubrication, compartmentalisation, pressue gradient
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How does cystic fibrosis affect the lungs?
Cystic fibrous affects ion channels & refers ion balance. Mucus becomes thicker and builds up. Phagocytosis impaires, cilia trapped and become immobile. Leading to bacterial infection and widened airways
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What is overall function of the urinary system?
Principle means of waste exclusion. System serves for the transport, storage, and elimination of urine
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Where does urinary system start and end?
Diaphragm to urethra
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What are the functions of the kidneys?
1.Filter blood, excrete toxic metabolic waste 2.regulate blood volume, pressure 3.regulate electrolyte & acid-base balance of the body fluids 5.Regulate calcium homeostatis & bone metabolism 6.clear hormones and drugs from blood
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What is excretion?
Process of separating wastes from the body fluids and eliminating them from the body
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What examples of excretion in the respiratory system?
Carbon dioxide, other gases and water
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What examples of excretion are in the integumentary system?
Water, inorganic salts, lactate and urea in sweat
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What examples of excretion are there in the digestive system?
Water, salts, carbon dioxide, lipids, cholestrol
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What examples of excretion are there in the urinary system?
Metabolic waste, toxins, drugs, hormones, salts, water
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What protects the kidneys?
Thre layers of connective tissue
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How does the kindey recieve blood?
Renal artery off the aorta enter the kidneys and they receive about 1.2 litres of blood per min. This is 21% of cardiac output, called renal fraction
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Why does the kidneys receive blood?
For waste removal, not to meet the metabolic demands of the kidney tissue
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What do the nephrons in the kidneys do?
Each nephron filters small amount of blood. Includes filter, glomerulus, tubule. Each kidney has 1.2mill neohons. Your 8L blood passes through kidneys 20-25 a dau
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What is the distal convoluted tubule?
Portion of nephron between loop of henle and collecting tubule. Once filtrate enters DCT, reabsorbs calcium, sodium, choride, regulates pH of urine secreting protons and absorbing bicarbonate
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What type of tissue is present in the Loop of Henle?
Simple squamous epithelium
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What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
Fluid in the filtrate entering the PCT is reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries
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What are the tissue types in the distal and proximal convoluted tubule?
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells (microvilli)
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How does the kidneys filter the blood?
1. Glomerulus filters blood and produces filtrate. Large molecules such as protein can't fit. 2. bowman's capsule absorb glucose, water ad salts needed are reabsorbed in blood capillaries3.excess water sats and urea is urine 4.collecting duct collect
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What cells does the Bowman's capsule contain?
Visceral epithelial cells called podocytes. Specialised epthithelial cells that have foot like projects with slits between which regulate function. Larger molecules such as proteins are retained in blood
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What is the ureter and what is the tissue type?
Ureter is a long, muscle-walled tube of stratified transitional epithelium. Thick fibroelastic lamina propria lies underneath epithelium. Trans epithelium required for distension. Peristaltic contractions propels urine to pelvis
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What tissue type is present in the bladder?
Bladder is muscular sac. Muscle called Detrusor muscle 3 layers of smooth muslce. Remains relaxed to allow bladder store urine, contracts to urinate. Also transitional epithlium, basement membrane under, connective tissue under
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What tissue type is present in the urethra (male)?
Transitional epi at attachment of penis to body, Pseudo columnar epi > main part of penis, stratigied squamous epi > end of penis
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What is meant by afferent?
Conducting or conducted inwards or towards something (for blood vessels)
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What is mean by efferent?
Conducted conducting outwards or away from something
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What makes up the lower respiratory system?

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Card 3

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Card 4

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What are the characteristics of the olfactory epithelium?

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Card 5

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What are the characteristics of the respiratory epithelium?

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