(Unconditioned stimulus) - A stimulus that automatically triggers an unconditioned response (without any learning).
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UCR
(Unconditioned response) - A response that automatically occurs when a unconditioned stimulus is present.
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NS
(Neutral stimulus) - A stimulus that does not generate any response other than focusing attention.
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CS
(Conditioned stimulus) - Previously the neutral stimulus, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a learned response - the conditioned response.
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CR
(Conditioned response) - A response that is triggered by a conditioned stimulus.
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Stimulus generalisation
Associating a conditioned stimuli to other similar stimuli, which also trigger the conditioned response. E.g getting hungry (CR) after hearing the lunch bell (CS) and then getting hungry when you hear a smoke alarm = stimulus generalisation.
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Extinction
Extinction is when the occurrences of a conditioned response decreases or disappears. This happens when a conditioned stimulus in no longer paired with unconditioned stimulus.
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Spontaneous recovery
Spontaneous recovery is when a conditioned response randomly re-emerges after extinction (no longer appeared).
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Operant conditioning - list key terms
Punishment (positive and negative punishment), Reinforcement (positive, negative, primary and secondary reinforcement), schedules of reinforcement
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Punishment
Discouraging an act of behaviour in order to decrease the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated.
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Positive punishment
The repetition of a behaviour discouraged by adding an unpleasant stimuli like a slap or being told off.
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Negative punishment
A pleasant stimuli is removed, e.g laptop is taken or being grounded (freedom and the ability to see friends is taken away).
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Reinforcement
The aim is to encourage the desired behaviour in order to increase the likelihood of that behaviour being repeated.
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Positive reinforcement
A pleasant stimuli (a reward) is added, e.g money when you pass your tests!
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Negative reinforcement
An unpleasant stimuli is added (one that you want to get rid of asap) e.g car beeping to encourage you to put a seatbelt on. You (learner) want to REMOVE the stimuli so you put your seatbelt on.
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Primary reinforcement
Refers to postive reinforcement, the type of reward. Primary reinforcers are biological i.e food, drink, pleasure, they are naturally reinforcing.
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Secondary reinforcement
Also known as conditioned reinforcement. A reinforcer that is learned to be rewarding by associating it with a primary reinforcer. E,g money (secondary) = food and MORE (primary).
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Schedules of reinforcement
(FR), (VR), (FV), (VI)
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FR
Fixed ratio schedule - the reinforcer appears after a set X amount of acts of the behaviour. I.e you get paid after every 50 surveys.
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FI
Fixed interval schedule - the reinforcer appears after X minutes/hours/days. E.g you get paid every Friday.
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VR
Variable ratio schedule - it is unpredictable when the reinforcer will appear. It can occur after 100 acts or 2. E.g playing the lottery
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VI
Variable intervals - it is unknown when the reinforcer will appear, it may appear after 5 minutes or 50 days.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
(Unconditioned stimulus) - A stimulus that automatically triggers an unconditioned response (without any learning).
Back
UCS
Card 3
Front
(Unconditioned response) - A response that automatically occurs when a unconditioned stimulus is present.
Back
Card 4
Front
(Neutral stimulus) - A stimulus that does not generate any response other than focusing attention.
Back
Card 5
Front
(Conditioned stimulus) - Previously the neutral stimulus, after being paired with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a learned response - the conditioned response.
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