Learning English

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What is interlanguage?
Knowledge of L2 in speaker's mind.
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Multicompetence
Total language knowledge of a person who know more than one language, including both L1 competence and L2 interlanguage.
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According to bio-developmetal terms, what is a native speaker?
The first language a human begins to learn and speak. Spoken since childhood.
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What is 'standardisation'?
Process by which language has been codefied in some way. Development of grammar, book, dictionaries.
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What is language expertise?
Profieciency in a language
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What is language affilication?
When the speaker associates themselves with the social group that the language is normally associated with.
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What is 'language inhertiance'?
When language is inheritied within the family and community
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How does Bloomfield describe bilungualism?
'native-like control of two languages'. Neither language is dominanct in the mind
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What does CLIL stand for?
Content and Language Integrated Learning
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How is heritage language acquired?
Early contact and naturalistic settings
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Elite Bilingualism
Conscious decision taken by parents from typiucally stable middle-class backgrounds who can support child's education and provide involvment
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Folk Bilingualism
People who develop an L2 under circumstances not up to them and in situations that society does not value their L1
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What are the 4 modes of bilingual education in schools?
Total immersion, language separation (monolingual spaces), concurrent languages (code switiching) and language support in L1 classes
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What is code-mixing?
Blending of non-dominant language words/phrases within the utterance
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What is code-switiching?
Inserting whole utterances from non-dominant language during a conversation
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Codeswitiching uses the overall grammatical structure from one language, the ____________ and slots morphemes from the other language, the ____________ into this structure.
Matrix language, embedded language
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What is translanguaging?
Multilingual speakers use their languages as an integrated communication system
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What is simultaneous bilinguals?
L1 and L2 learned at the same time
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What is sequential bilinguals?
L1 learned first, shortly followed by L2
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What is late biingualism?
When L2 is learned in adolescence and onwards
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What is the plateau effect?
When a pupil does not seem to be able to make anymore progress in their language development
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What is ethnography?
Observing teaching and learning in an foreign language classroom without a set of predetermined categories.
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What are the 5 stages of vocal development?
1) Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds 2) Cooing and laughter 3) Vocal play 4) Reduplicated babbling 5) non-reduplicated babbling
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Describe stage one of vocal development
Reflexive crying and vegetative sounds: Birth - 8 weeks
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Describe stage 2 of vocal development
Cooing and laughter (8-20 weeks); Produced when comfortable, in response to smiling and talking by caregiver
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Describe stage 3 of vocal development
Vocal play (16-30 weeks): Longer segments of sound variations of pitch and stress
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At age 3, which phonemes have children mastered?
Bilabials.
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Describe stage 5 of vocal development
Non-reduplicated babbling (around end of first year): producing C-V-C or V-C-V combinations. Starts to used intonation on babbling
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Describe stage four of vocal development
Reduplicated babbling (25-50 weeks): consonant vowel syllabels where the consonant is the same e.g. dadadadada
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At age 7, which phonemes have children mastered?
Plosives
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What is a specific nominal?
Words that refer to one specific person or thing e.g. 'mummy'
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What is a general nominal?
Memebers of category aswell as pronoun e.g 'ball', 'doggy'
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What are action words?
elicit actions e.g. 'eat'
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What is stage one of grammatical development?
Holophrastic stage (12-18 months): Utterances are one word long. Mainly naiming, some actio
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Stage 2 of the grammatical development theory?
Real grammar (18months - 2): Two words put together, primitive sentences, subject + vrb. e.g. cat jump
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Stage 3 of grammatical development theory?
'Filling out' (age 3); simple sentences, adding extra elements e.g. 'mummy got car', 'you go bed now'
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Stage 4 of grammatical development theory?
sentences become longer, simple stories. Use of 'and', 'so', 'then', 'when'
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Stage 5 of grammatical development theory?
'Sorting it out': learn irregular forms
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What is the telegraphic stage?
Linking together more than two words but omitting function words e.g. articles and prepositions. Pure content words e.g. nouns and verbs
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Mean length utterance
Measurment used to calculate the development of children's grammar. # of Morphemes / total # of utterances
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What did Brown (1973) find with Adam, Eve and Sarah
Investigated them for 16 months, they were at similar stages of language development but each had their own unique style and rate of learning. Frequency of input does not have an affect on order of aqusition
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What does the nativism approach emphasise about language learning?
Role of the environment over innate ideas or capacities
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What is the behaviousim approch to language acqusition?
Principles can explain most behaviours and observable events rather than mental activity are the proper objects of study
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What is universal grammar?
Environment is just a trigger for lang development. Language is unique to other cognitive functions. The brain pocesses a 'language faculty' = universal set of underling principles. Children form hypotheses about language that their exosed to
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What is interactionalism theory to language development?
Emphasises role of environment and experiences and aswell contribution of innate capabilities.
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What is emergentism theory to language development?
Phenomena of langauge are best explained by reference to most basic non-linguistic factors and their interaction e.g. input, physiology
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What is connectiontism theory to language development?
Language
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What is object permance?
Understanding gained by and infant during their latter part of first year that objects continue to exists when not visible
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What is metalinguistic awareness?
Ability to reflect on language as an object
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What is transfer?
Influence of L1 onto L2 or vice versa
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What is influence of language?
When L1 influences an error in L2
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What is formulaic sequences?
Phrase that learners learn as a whole before they understand the units e.g. como estas?
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What is overgeneralisation?
Use of rule/structure innapropriately e.g. hurted
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What is a substantive universal?
Categories of syntax, semantics and phonology
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What is formula universals?
General form of sytanc rules that manipulate these categories
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What is the structualist view on lanquage acqusition?
Empahsis on language forms or structures as opposed to funtions. Identify and describe the observable units of language
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What is contrastive analysis?
Comparison of the linguistic tructyres ofn two or more languages to detrmine their similarities and differences
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What is the behaviourists view on SLA?
Learning takes place like any other learning. Imitation, repetition, reinforcment = habits. Habits are learnt through stimulus response and these patterns are replaced by L2 habits which are controlled through reward and punishment.
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What does the contrastive analysis hypothesis say and what are its strengths weaknesses?
L2 is easier to learn when it is similar to L1. But, difficult to make decisions about what languages are similar, cross-language similarity does not necessarily lead to transfer of language.
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What did Hernandez-Chavex find about contrastive analysis hypothesis?
Learners still make erros even when L1 and L2 are similar.
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Describe the audiolingual method of SLA
Language learning establishes a new set of habits. Focuses on establishing 'goog' lanhuage habits through repetition, drills and patterns
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Describe the language acqusition device
Model of human mind, accounting for children's innat predisposition for language acq. Children hear impoverished language, ued LAD to learn. Universal to all languages.
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What does the universal grammar theory suggest about SLA?
Learning L2 is the same as learning L1. Parameters are reset, UG is present and available to L2 learners, accesed through L1.
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Who proposed the Monitor Model/Input Hypothesis?
Stephen Krashen
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Describe the acqusition vs learning aspect of the monitor model
Acqusitions = subconcious exposure to language in naturalistic environment. Learning = concious exposure to language. Taugh in clasroom through grammar and vocab exercises.
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Describe the monitor model aspect of the input hypothesis to SLA
Learned knowledge serves as a monitor. Learning makes c hanges in the form of our utterances after it has ben produced.
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Describe the natural order hypothesis of the monitor model/input hypothesis.
Langauge elements is acquired in a fixed predetermined order
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Describe the comprehension input hypothesis
If enough input is understood, necessary grammar would automatically be provided.
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Describe Krashen's affectiv filter hypothesis.
Filter that gives access to language acqusition = blocked due to high anxiety. Usually present in teens who are self-concious infront of peers
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Who suggested the output hypothesis?
Swain
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Describe the Output Hypothesis
Communicating in the target language = improvment. Acts as a trigger that forces learner to pay attention. Comprehensible input = not enough.
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Who proposed the interaction hypothesis?
Long
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Describe the interaction hypothesis
Emphasises role of coversations. Modification occurs during interactions = contributing to comprehensions. Stresses role of learner's interaction. Also creates modified 'foreigner talk'
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Who proposed the noticing hypothesis?
Schmidt
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Explain Schmidt's noticing hypothesis
Focuses on intake of language. Intake = part of language noticed by learner. What learner notices = what they learn. Noticing = not suffucient for acqusition, but an essential starting point.
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Which theory emphasises neural networks for SLA?
Connectiontism
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What SLA theory suggest 'foreigner talk'
Interaction hypothesis
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Which SLA theory says that communicating in target language = imporvment?
Swain's output hypothesis
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Which theory places importance on intake and noticing?
Schmidt's noticing hypothesis
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Which SLa theory suggests ythat language emerges out of use or practice and we learn with memories of utterances?
Emergentism
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Which SLA theory suggests that we have a pedisposition for language acqusition anf that we need the _______ to learn through hearing impversished language
Language acq device
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What did vygotsky propose?
Sociocultural Theory of SLA
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Explain Vygotsky's SLA theory
There is a 'Zone of Proximal Development' = distance vetween actual development level. Determined by independent problem solving, potential development and problem solving under guidance
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When a learner is supported by providing support from others, this is called the___________
Scaffolding instruction
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International status, usefulness, easy/difficulty and cultural considerations can all affects ones what to learning?
Attitude
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Define acculturation
Culture change that occurs when two populations come in contact
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What does the accultration hypothesis theory suggest about SLA?
The learner's success is determined by the extent they can become apart of the TL community.
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Effort + Desire + Attitude = ?
Motivation
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A desire to learn a language and identify with the TL community is an example of _______?
Intergrative motivation
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Define instrumental motivation
Learning a language for a job, reasons that will help you externally
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Instrinsic motivation is...?
Learning an L2 for personal, interally rewarding reasons
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Learning an L2 for the anticipation of an external reward such as better career prospects is an example of _______
Extrinsic motivation
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What is intrinsic integrative motivation?
L2 learns in order to integrate with L2 comminuity e.g. for marriage or migration
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What is intrinsic instrumental motivation?
L2 to achieve gols e.g. career
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learner is taught L2 from parents is an example of what motivation?
Extrinsic integrative
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external agent wants learner to learn L2 e.g. employer is an example of what kind of motivation?
Extrinsic motivation
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Motivation is not static. Explain the preactional, actional and post actional stages.
Preactional = motivation generated. Actional = Motivation maintained. Post-actional = motivation evaluated
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How does aptitude influence SLA?
Some can make rapid progress under the same circumstances in comparison to others. Aptitude = bascic language learning ability
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What did Wink (2005) find about aptitude and advance mandarin learners?
Aptitude was not relevant
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Harley and Hart (1997) found that aptitude was what in relation to L2 performance
Important
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How does personality affect SLA?
Foreign language anxiety, introverts = better LTM but bad STM due to anxiety. Extroverty = better STM and better ouput due to resistance to stress
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How does learning style affect SLA according to Reid (1987) and Wong and Nunan (2011)?
Reid = no relationship between learning style and proficiency. Wong and Nuan = learnig style linked to EFL achievment
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What are the different learning strategies?
Metacognitive, cognitive and socio-affective
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Describe and give examples for metacognitive learning strategies
Planning for learning and thinking about process e.g organising essay, asking for feedback
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Revising noted, preparing glossary, using colours and manipulating learning features are all examples of what learning strategy?
Cognitive
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Soci-affective learning strategy involves what?
Interaction and working in groups.
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What is the resultive hypothesis?
Formal learner's attitude are consequent on experience and success/failure
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What is learner language?
Features showing process of additional language acqusition. Connected to level of profieciency in language - indicator of what has already been learnt
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How is L1 and learner language linked?
If there is not equivalent feature in L1, there is increased difficulty in L2. Equivalent features = facilitated learning.
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What does Swann and Smith suggest about L1 and learner language?
L1 vocab, structure and handwriting influences L2
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How does Ellis and Barkhuizen (2005) conduct error analysis?
Omission, addition, misordering and misinformation (e.g. incorrect morphemes)
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Cross-linguistic influence, overgeneralisation, simplification, gaps in knowldge and omision all call
Error
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Card 2

Front

Multicompetence

Back

Total language knowledge of a person who know more than one language, including both L1 competence and L2 interlanguage.

Card 3

Front

According to bio-developmetal terms, what is a native speaker?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is 'standardisation'?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is language expertise?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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