Learning

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What is Habituation?
The most basic form of learning, shown by most organisms. A reduction in response to a repeated stimulus
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What is classical conditioning?
Associating one stimulus with another
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What is meant by unconditioned stimulus?
A biologically significant stimulus that elicits a reflexive response eg: food, shock
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What is meant by unconditioned response?
A reflexive response elicited by a stimulus
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What is meant by a conditioned stimulus?
A previously neutral stimulus that after pairing with a US elicits a conditioned response. eg. tone, light
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What is a conditioned response?
A response elicited by the CS
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What is appetitive conditioning?
US (food in mouth), UR (salivation), neutral stimulus --> No salivation, Neutral stimulus and US (food in mouth), CS (tone) --> CR salivation
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What did Hebb suggest?
When an axon of cell A is near enough to excite a cell B and repeatedly or persistently takes part in firing it, some growth process or metabolic change taske place in one or both cells such that As efficiency as one of the cells firing B is increase
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Therefore?
Neurons that fire together, wire together
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What is meant by Acquisition?
Learning CS--> US pairing, depends on the strength of the CS and US
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What is meant by temporal contiguity?
CS--> US (events close/contigous), CS ------ time -----> US (events seperated. Trace conditioning: CS terminated before delivery of US
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What is extinction?
Presentation of CS alone (no US), results in weakening CR
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What is spontaneous recovery?
CR reappears after extinction and rest
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What is stimulus generalisation?
Stimuli that are similar to the CS elicit a CR
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What is high order conditioning?
A stimulus that has been established as a CS is paired with neutral stimulus. After this pairing, this neutral stimulus now elicits the CR
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What is the first conditioning technique?
Taste aversion, food +LiCl --> sickness --> aversion to that flavour
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What is the second condtion?
Eye blink conditioning
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For example?
Before condtioning: Air puff --> eye blink, Tone --> no response, during conditioning: Tone + air puff --> Eye blink, After conditioning: Tone --> Eye blink
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What is extinction?
Gradual decrease in a response to a conditioned stimulus that occurs when the stimulus is presented without reinforcement
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What are the applications?
Adverts, fear, hospital visits
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What did Watson and Rayner do?
11 month old infant, no fear of animals but didnt like loud noises, white rat in front of his as steel bar struck. After 7 pairings, Albert would cry at sight of rat, also afraid of rabbit, fur coat and dog
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In Rayner's experiment what was the US and UR?
Loud and fear
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What was the CS and CR?
Rat and Fear
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What happened during conditioning?
Rat and loud noise --> fear
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What was exposure theory?
Patient is exposed to the feared stimulus without any consequences. Extinction of CR
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How is conditioning used in advertising?
Pairing a product with a pleasant stimulus results in the product being rated favourably
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What was anticipatory nausea and vomiting?
During and after chemotherapy: CS stimuli in the hospital, US is chemo and UR is post treatment such as Nausea and food aversion
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What happens Prior to chemo?
CS: stimuli in hospital and CR: nausea and vomiting, learned food aversion
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What is operant conditiong?
Learning through consequences
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What was Thorndike doing?
Time to escape decreases. Over time, the animal is more likely to perform behaviours that enable escape
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What did Thorndike suggest the law of effect was?
Responses accompanied by satisfaction to the animal will more likely occur where as a response followed by discomfort will less likely occur
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What did Skinner suggest?
behaviour is influenced by consequences of that behaviour
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What does Reinforcement do?
Increase response rate
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What is positive reinforcement?
Reinforcing stimulus arrives
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For example?
Lever press, food pellet and lever pressing increases
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What is negative reinforcement?
Reinforcing stimulus is removed
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for example?
Take asprin, headache goes away, taking of asprin increases
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What is punishement?
Reduces response rate?
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What is positive punishment?
Aversive stimulus is presented
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For example?
Caught speeding --> get fined, dont speed in the future
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What is negative punishment?
A stimulus is removed
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For example?
Children fight --> Parents turn off WIFI --> children fight less
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What is shaping?
Reinforcing approximations of the desired behaviour
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What is Animal training?
Clicker training, starts with classical conditioning (Clicker --> food), but then uses operant to reinforce desired behaviours, very effective, used on many species of animals
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what is token economies?
Tokens to reward good behaviour, exchanged for good in store, secondary reinforcement
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What token economies examples?
In prisons, 54% improvement of target behaviours under a token economy
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How is token economies used in weight loss programs?
Prize draws
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What is the first Skinner schedule of reinforcement?
Ratio schedules, reinforcement after making a certain number of responses
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What is the second skinner schedule of reinforcement?
Response is reinforced after a specified time interval since last reinforcement
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What is the fixed ratio?
The required number of responses is always the same,
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What does FR 50 mean?
50 responses before reinforcement is given
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What is variable ratio?
There is an average number of responses before reinforcement, the exact number of responses differs from trial to trial
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What does VR 50 mean?
Average of 50 responses before reinforcement. sometimes a small number of responses are required
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What does this produce?
A fast steady response
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Such as?
Slot machines and video games
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What is fixed interval?
The interval between reinforcements will be the same
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What does FI-50 mean?
50 seconds after the last reinforced response before the next reinforced response
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What does this produce?
A slow responding
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Such as?
Class times
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What is the variable interval?
Time interval between reinforcements varies
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What does this produce?
Slow steady responding
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What is extinction?
Results in weakening of response, rate of extinction depends on the schedule of reinforcement
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what is escape?
Response terminates an aversive stimulus
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What is avoidance ?
REsponse made to avoid the aversive stimulus
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Why do these occur?
Result from negative reinforcement
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Card 5

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