Fractional distillation separates a mixture into a number of different parts, called fractions
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What is crude oil a mixture of
Hydrocarbons
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What happens during fractional distillation
A tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture, with several condensers coming of at different heights. The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. Substances with high boiling points condense at the bottom
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What did John Newlands do
In 1864 he put forward his law of octaves. He put all the elements known at the time into a table in order of relative atomic mass
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What did John Newlands find out
He found a pattern among the early elements. The pattern showed that each element was similar to the pattern 8 places ahead of it
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What did Dmitri Mendeleev do
In 1869 he published the Periodic table
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What did Dmitri Mendeleev do that was more successful
He realised that the physical and chemical properties of elements were related to their atomic mass in a repeating way and arranged them so that groups of elements with similar properties fell into vertical columns in his table
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How did Dmitri predict elements’ properties
He worked out the atomic mass of the missing elements
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The left side of the arrow are the
Reactants
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The right side of the arrow is a
Product
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What are the state symbols and there meanings
S means solid, L means liquid, G means gas, aq means aqueous which means dissolved in water
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What is the empirical formula of a compound
The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in the compound
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What is a solute
A soluble solid
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What is a solvent
The liquid
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What is an atom
The smallest particle of an element
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What is a molecule
A cluster of non metal atoms that are chemically bonded together
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What’s is a element
A pure substance that is listed on the periodic table and only has one type of atom in it
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What is a compound
A pure substance made from more than one type of element chemically bonded together
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Mixture
An impure substance made from different elements or compounds
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Why is Platnum expensive
It is rare
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What does valence mean
Outside
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What is the reason for Group 1 elements being reactive
They have one outer shell
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What type of metals are Group 1
Alkali metals which are rarely found in nature as pure elements
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Why does potassium react more violently in water than lithium
Potassium has more shells then lithium so electron shielding takes place
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What I saw electron shielding
Electron shielding is when the positive nucleus can’t reach the outer electrons because the electrons in the closer shells are blocking it
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Why does chlorine react more violently than bromine
Chlorine has less outer shells. This makes gaining an electron easier
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What is a Covalent bonding
A bonding between a non metal and a non metal
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What is a Ionic bonding
A bonding between a metal and a non metal
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What is a metallic bonding
A bonding between a metal and a metal
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What is oxygen at room temperature
Gas
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What is an alloy
A mixture of metals
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Why is pure gold not used
It is too soft
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What do lorries use to make nitrogen oxides harmless
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