LAW03

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MURDER
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Who defined murder and what as?
Unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being, under the queen's peace with malice aforethought express or implied - Sir Coke
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What is the actus reus of murder?
Unlawful killing, reasonable person, queen's peace and causation
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What may not count as a reasonable person?
Brain damaged person - Steel, Foetus - AG Reference (No3 1994)
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What is the mens rea for murder?
Malice aforethought express - Intent to kill, malice aforethought implied - Intent to cause GBH (Vickers)
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DIMINISHED RESPONSIBILITY (voluntary manslaughter)
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Where is diminished responsibility defined and what as?
S2 Homocide Act 1957 as amended by S52 Coroners and Justice Act 2009.
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What is abnormality of mental functioning?
R v Byrne (CJ Parker) "a state of mind so different from that of an ordinary human being that a reasonable man would term it abnormal."
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What recognised medical condition is demonstrated in R v Byrne?
Psychiatric disease
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What recognised medical condition is demonstrated in R v Reynolds?
Post-natal depression
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What recognised medical condition is demonstrated in R v English?
Pre-menstrual tension.
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What recognised medical condition is demonstrated in R v Ahluwalia?
Battered wife syndrome.
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What is substantial impairment?
Must show that the abnormality of mental functioning substantially impaired D's ability to; Understand nature of his conduct, Form a rational judgement, Exercise self control.
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Which case defined substantial?
R v Egan - More than trivial but less than total.
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What is substantial cause of death?
S2 (b) - Must show that the D's abnormality of mental functioning caused or was significant contributor in causing the D to carry out the conduct.
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LOSS OF CONTROL (voluntary manslaughter)
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Where is loss of control defined?
S54 Coroners and Justice Act 2009
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What is a loss of control?
S54 (1)(a) Must be a loss of control. Doesn't have to be sudden can be a time delay.
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Which case demonstrates there can be a time delay?
R v Ibrams and Gregory - Longer the delay, the less likely to be a loss of control
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What are the 2 qualifying triggers?
S55 (3) Fear of serious violence, S55(4) Things said or done that constitute circumstances of an extremely grave character and caused the D to have a justifiable sense of being seriously wronged.
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What are the restrictions to the qualifying triggers?
S55(5)(a) D incited violence from V, S55(6)(c) Sexual infidenlity, S54(4) Revenge
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What case demonstrated sexual infidelity?
Church - if other potential triggers, it may be considered in the circumstances.
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Which section defines the reaction of a reasonable man?
S54 (1)(c) Jury must decide if a person of same age and sex with normal degree of tolerance would have acted the same way in same circumstances.
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Which case demonstrated that only age and gender are relevant?
R v Camplin
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Which case demonstrated that depression and violent temperament are to be ignored?
R v Mohammed
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Which case demonstrates that alcoholism is to be ignored?
R v Holley
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GROSS NEGLIGENCE MANSLAUGHTER (involuntary manslaughter)
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What is they case for GNM?
Adomako.
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What is the first element for GNM?
Duty of Care.
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What are the examples of a duty of care?
Doctors - patients (Adomako), Contractual duty (Singh), Complicit in crime (Wacker), Driver - road user (Andrews, Created dangerous situation (Evans)
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What is the 2nd element in GNM?
Breach of duty causing death
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Which case demonstrates that D must fall below standards of a reasonable person?
R v Holloway.
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What is the 3rd element in GNM?
Risk of death.
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How is it decided that there is a risk of death?
Jury must decide whether there was a risk of death
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Which case demonstrates risk of death?
Misra & Strivastava - only a risk of death will be sufficient.
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What is the final element of GNM?
Negligence must be gross.
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Which case defines gross?
Bateman - Going beyond a matter of mere compensation and showing such a disregard for life and safety of others it amounts to a crime.
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UNLAWFUL ACT MANSLAUGHTER (involuntary manslaughter)
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Where is UAM defined?
AG Reference (No3 of 1994)(1008)
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What is the 1st element for UAM?
There must be an unlawful act or omission
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Which case demonstrates that it must be a criminal act not civil wrong?
Franklin/Lamb
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Which case demonstrates omissions are sufficient?
Lowe
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What is the 2nd element for UAM?
The unlawful act must be dangerous.
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How do we establish if the act was dangerous?
Church - A sober, reasonable person would see that there is a risk of some harm, albeit not serious harm.
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Which case demonstrates that the act doesn't have to aimed at the V?
Mitchell
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Which case demonstrates that the act can be aimed at property?
Goodfellow
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Which case demonstrates when assessing risk of harm, jury must imagine they have knowledge D had or should have had?
Dawson, Watson
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What is the 3rd element for UAM?
The unlawful, dangerous act must be the substantial cause of death (causation)
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Which case demonstrates cause of death?
Corion Augustie.
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Which case demonstrates the act doesn't have to be actual cause of death?
Carey.
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Which case demonstrates if the V dies from drugs, self injecting can break the chain?
Kennedy
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Which case demonstrates injecting each other doesn't break chain?
Cato
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CONSENT (defence)
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When will consent not apply?
Euthanasia (Pretty), Can't consent to anything higher than a battery (R v Brown).
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Which case demonstrates consent will apply to joslings of everyday life?
Wilson & Pringle
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What exceptions to the rule that you can't consent to more than a battery are set out in R v Brown?
Sport, Medical procedures, Tattooing/piercing, Horseplay, Sexual activities.
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Which case demonstrates sport as an exception?
R v Bradshaw
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When is there consent in sport?
When properly conducted and supervised within the rules and regulations.
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Which case demonstrates that when conduct goes beyond the rules and regulations there is potential for criminal liability?
R v Barnes
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In R v Bradshaw what factors must be taken into account when deciding if it is unlawful?
Type/rules of sport, level being played, nature of act, degree of force used, extent of risk of injury, D's state of mind.
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Which case demonstrates that tattooing can be done at home?
Wilson
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Which case demonstrates that law doesn't concern itself with horseplay, provided it doesn't go too far?
R v Jone
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Which case demonstrates law only intervenes to prevent extreme sexual acts?
R v Brown
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Which case demonstrates the law on sleeping with someone when having HIV?
Konzanzi
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Which case demonstrates that V must have sufficient understand and intelligence to give consent?
Burrell v Harmer - Being a certain age doesn't mean you have to knowledge and understanding.
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Which case demonstrates it must be fully informed consent?
Tabassum - can't be obtained by fraud.
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SELF DEFENCE (defence)
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What are the 2 elements in self defence?
Was force necessary? Was level of force reasonable?
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Which case demonstrates whether force was necessary?
Gladstone Williams - force is reasonable if it is seen to be so in the circumstance that existed or D genuinely believed existed.
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Which case demonstrates that if victim is retreating it's unlikely you can say force was necessary?
Hussain and Another
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Which case demonstrates pre-emptive attacks?
Bird - it is legal to attack first so long as there was or thought to have been an imminent threat.
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What if the D is drunk?
If voluntarily intoxicated and make a mistake about the circumstances due to intoxication, the rule in Gladstone Williams does not apply - S76 (5) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
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Which case demonstrates whether the level of force was necessary?
R v Palmer (Lord Morriss) - The force must not be wholly disproportionate to the circumstances
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What are the guidelines set out in S76 (7) Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008?
a) May not be able to weigh up what is considered proportional in circumstance, b) if D honestly and instinctively believes thought was reasonable, strong evidence that it was reasonable.
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What is said about self defence in householder cases?
Crime and Courts Act 2013 - If someone trespasses on your land, the force will not be unreasonable unless grossly disproportionate
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INTOXICATION (defence)
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Involuntary -Which case demonstrates that if can be shown that D still had necessary mens rea, they are guilty?
Kingston
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Involuntary - Which case demonstrates not realising strength of alcohol is classed as voluntary?
Allen
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Involuntary - Which case demonstrates taking non dangerous drugs in reckless way is voluntary, vice versa is involuntary?
Allen
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Voluntary - What must be distinguished?
Must distinguish between specific and basic intent crimes/
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What is the key issue with specific intent?
Lipman - Whether D was so voluntarily intoxicated he could not form necessary mens rea.
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Which case demonstrates that becoming voluntarily intoxicated is a reckless act (basic intent)?
Majewski - will automatically have mens rea.
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Which case demonstrates that can't use intoxication as defence in cases of dutch courage?
AF for Northern Ireland v Gallagher.
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Insanity.
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What is used to establish insanity?
M'Naghten rules - has 3 elements.
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What is the 1st element in insanity?
D's ability of reasoning must be impaired.
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What is ability to use reasoning must be impaired?
If D is able to use reasoning just fails to use it, it it not defect of reasoning. It must be an inability to use reasoning.
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Which case demonstrates moment of absent mindedness is not sufficient?
Clarke
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What is the 2nd element in insanity?
Defect of reasoning must be caused by a disease of the mind.
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What must the disease of the mind be?
Must be internal condition that affects the mind (physical or mental).
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Which case demonstrates the disease can be temporary or permanent?
Kemp
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What is the 3rd element in insanity?
Must cause the D to not know the nature and quality of the act or not know what he was doing was wrong?
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What must the D prove?
1 of the following; Did not know what he was doing was wrong, Did not appreciate the consequences of his act, Did not appreciate the circumstances in which he was acting.
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Which case defines 'wrong'?
Johnson - Legal wrong not moral wrong.
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What happens if D successfully pleads insanity?
Receive special verdict - 'not guilty by reason of insanity'.
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What sanctions can be given if insanity is successful?
Criminal Procedure Act 1991 - Hospital order (murder) , supervision & treatment order, Order for absolute discharge.
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What is the burden and standard of proof for insanity?
If defence raise must prove on a balance of probability, if prosecution raise must prove beyond reasonable doubt.
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Automatism.
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What is the definition of automatism?
"An act which is done by the muscles without any control by the mind, such as a spasm, a reflex action or convulsion" "or act by person not conscious of what doing, act done whilst concussed or sleep-walking" - Bratty v AG NI.
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What must the act be?
Involuntary and due to an external factor.
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What is an example of an external factor?
A blow to the head, attacked by swarm of bees (Hill v Baxter), sneezing, PTSD (R v T)
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What is self-induced automatism?
Quick - diabetic who had taken insulin but not eaten.
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When can you plead automatism?
Basic intent - prosecution must demonstrate D was reckless (R v Bailey), If intoxicated can't be used (DPP v Majewski).
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Who defined murder and what as?

Back

Unlawful killing of a reasonable person in being, under the queen's peace with malice aforethought express or implied - Sir Coke

Card 3

Front

What is the actus reus of murder?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What may not count as a reasonable person?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is the mens rea for murder?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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