lasrhlaserewr/bio

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  • Created by: Elvis
  • Created on: 04-05-13 13:27
define osmosis
it a type of diffusion of only water molecules from a dilute to a more concentrated solution (low to high water conc) through a partially permeable membrane
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what is a partially permeable membrane?
a barrier which contains very small holes that only tiny molecules e.g. water can fit through and bigger ones (sucrose can't)
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draw and label a osmosis diagram
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what is a steady net flow?
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how does osmosis work in tissue fluids?
tissue fluid surrounds body cells (basically water with o2, glucose and stuff dissolved)- squeezed out of the blood capilaries to supply cells with everything they need.
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explain potato chip diagram
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what do life processes need/
gases/ dissolved substances. photosynthesis- co2 and water get into plant cells. resp- glucose and o2 get in cells
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what three ways do substances move in or out of cells?
diffusion, osmosis, active transport
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how is active transport different to diffusion/ osmosis?
osmosis and diffusion- particles move from high to low conc.... active transport- substances move opposite direction
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what is an exchange surface?
in life processes, gases and dissolved substances move through exchange surface, which allow enough of the neccessary substances to pass though
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how are exchange substances adapted to maximise effectiveness?
-thin (substances only have short distance to diffuse) -large surface area (lots of substances can diffuse at once)
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how are exchange surfaces in animals effective?
-lots of blood vessels(get stuff in and out of body quickly) -often ventilated (air moves in and out)
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prob with exchange surfaces
-more difficult in bigger and complex organisms -place where substances are needed (or waste is made) ends up being in a long way away from exchange surfaces
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how does the structure of leaves allow gaseous exchange?
- co2 diffuse into air spaces within leaf, then diffuse into cells where photosynthesis happens
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give 4 adaptions of the leaf?
-underneath of leaf (stomata) -flattened shape of leaf -walls of cells inside leaf -air spaces inside the leaf
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what are guard cells and what they do?
open&close stomata(pores) in leaf -water fills guard cells, go plump and turgid, makes stomota open, so gases exchanged for photosyn, whre the co2 diffuses -plant short of water, guard cells become flaccid, make stomota close, helps water vapour.....
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what does flattened shape of leaf and walls of cell inside leaf do? what does thin shape do?
flattened shape- increases area of exchange surface so more effective -walls of cells inside leaf form another exchange surface - thin shape of leaf allows shortened diffusion so materials travel easily
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what does air spaces inside leaf do?
increase area of this surface so more chance of co2 to get in cells
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what do root hair cells do?
increase surface area which water and mineral ions can absorb
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annotate diagram of leaf structure
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what does phloem tubes do?
made of columns of living cells with small holes in ends to allow stuff to flow through, transport food substances in leaves to growing regions and storage organs -transport in both directions
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what do xylem tubes do?
made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls between them and a hole in middle - carry water and minerals from roots to stem and leaves in the transpiration stream
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what is transpiration?
water on surface spongy palisade cells evaporates and diffuses out
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how does a transpiration stream of water work?
- when water vapour is out, slight shortage in leaf, so more water drawn up from rest of plant through xylem vessels to replace it, more water drawn up from roots
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conditions affecting plants?
- not enough water cause plant to wilt - factors--> hot- more evaporation,,, dry--> low humidity therefore more evap and windy condition--> more evaporation (water escapes fromm cells)
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describe the thorax
top part of body, has lungs(pink sponges) protected by ribcage -air breath in goes though trachea . splits into two tubes called bronchi (bronchus) one into each lung -bronchi splits into smaller tubes- bronchiloes -end up at small bags called alveol
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label a diagram of thorax
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describe gas exchange in thorax
warm air travels in mouth and nasal passage - breath in,, so through bronchi - and through bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange takes place- o2 --> blood and co2 --> air
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define ventilation
movement of air in and out of lungs (not respiration)
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describe and draw inhaling air
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describe and draw exhaling air
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what are artificial ventilators?
- machines that move air in and out of person's lungs (extra o2). for those with injury, medical condition, operation that prevent breathing normallt themselves - uses giant capsule (iron lung) from neck to abdomen, with head not enclosed - ....
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what are modern ventilators?
pump air into lungs, expand ribcage, when stop pumping, ribcage relaxes and push air back out lungs (go/ stop cycle) -so doesn't interfere with blood flow
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what is a prob with artificial ventilators and modern ventilators?
artificial- interfere with blood flow to lower body (rise to poor circulation side effects) modern- cause damage sometimes (e.g. burst alveoli) if lungs cant cope with artificial air flow (
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Define homeostasis?
maintenance of a constant internal environment in the function of your body (keeping particular conditions at correct levels)
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what are four things our body needs controlled and what are two things we dont need (what is this called)?
NEED CONTROLLED- (at right level) body temp, water content, ion content, blood sugar........... Waste products (constantly produced in body, get rid)- co2 is product of respiration. leave when exhaling&Urea (made from excess amino acids)
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how does body temp occur? why should body temp need to be carefully controlled?
by warm weather or exercise.. release through sweating) enzymes work at certain temps (optimum-37 ) too hot or too cold, get denatured and reactions disrupted... death.
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what does the thermoregulatory centre do?
- in brain which acts as thermostat. contains receptors sensitive to temp of blood flow through brain. also receives impulses from skin for skin temperatures. too hold or too cold--> body cools or warms you up
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describe what happens when too hot (diagram)
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describe what happens when too cold (diagram)
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what do sport drinks do?
for people doing regular exercise/ athlethes. contains blood sugar (glucose)- (lost by respiration- energy for muscles) and contains mineral ions-- electrolytes (sodium) and water lost by sweat. cells work inefficiently if not enough ions (evaluate)
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draw diagram of kidney and what they do? (3 roles)
1 removal of urea from the blood 2 adjustment of ions in the blood 3 adjustment of water content of the blood
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what is ultrafiltration (use diagram)
high pressure-built up which squeezes water, ions, urea and sugar out of blood and into Bowman's capsule 2 membranes between blood vessels and bowman's capsules act like filters, so big molecules (proteins,blood cells) not squeezed out.stay in blood
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draw and annotate a single nephron (just understand what's going on)
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what is reabsorption in the kidneys?
liquid flows along nephron, useful substances reabsorbed back into blood- sugar reabsorbed (active transport) sufficient ions reabsorbed, excess ions not needed - sufficient ions reabsorbed
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what is the third part of the kidney function and what happens?
RELEASE OF WASTES - remaining substances (urea) continue out of nephron, into ureter and down into bladder as urine
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what are dangers of waste substances from blood?
if kidneys don't work properly (kidney failure), waste substances build up in blood, lose ability to control levels of ions and water in body, resulting in death (get problems in heart bones, stomach)
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what do people with kidney failure do?
have dialysis treatment- where machines do job of kidney or get kidney transplant
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what does a dialysis?
regularly done to keep conc of dissolved substances in blood at normal levels and remove waste substances
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how does a dialysis machine work?
person's blood flows along selective permeable barrier, surrounded by dialysis fluid. (permeable- ions and waste substances) but not big ones(proteins).
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what does the dialysis fluid do?
dialysis fluid has same conc of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood -- useful dissolved ions and glucose wont be lost from blood during dialysis. only waste substances (urea) and excess ions and water- diffuse across barrier
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draw and explain dialysis machine
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how does a kidney transplant work?
from people who have died suddently or organ donor register-/ donor card or from those alive as we have two. new kidney replace on cavity
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advantage and disadvantage of dialysis machine
advantage- more available than kidney donors and no drugs required disadvantage- regular sessions (3times a weeks, 3-4 hours) less freedom, take mind of diet
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advantage and disadvantage of a kidney transplant
advantage- no more dialysis required, no need for diet control, more freedom disadvantage- finding a donor, rejection of kidney.due to antigens. (kidney type) - need to take drugs (immunosuppresants) prone to illness (immune system weakened)
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what precautions taken to prevent rejection of immune system of new kidney?
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what happens if blood sugar too low or too high in body ?
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how is blood glucose level controlled if too high or too low?
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blood glucose level controlled if too high or too low--- do diagram
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what is type 1 diabetes?
a condition where the pancreas produces little or no insulin ( person's blood glucose can rise that kills them)
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how to control type 1 diabetes?
1) avoiding foods- rich in simple carbohydrates (sugars- rises glucose levels) take exercise after eating to try and use up extra glucose produced during digestion 2) inject insulin (into blood at mealtimes) make liver remove glucose
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explain pancreas transplant
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how is world affecting environment?
6 billion + people, not reducing due to medicine and farming methods. increase demands (pressure) higher standard living, more raw materials used, more energy for manufacturing processes, more resources used up
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how do people affect water pollution, land pollution and air pollution?
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what four things (human activities) reduce land and resources?
building (urbanisation) quarrying, dumping waste-- uses up landfill sites and farming-----> reduces biodiversity in env't (destroy habitats and species)
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define deforestation? what is it used for
cutting down of trees and vegetation (large amounts) --- used for: provide timber for building material, land for farming: more food (rice fields) grow crops from biofuels- ethanol 3) produce paper from wood
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problems of deforestation
1) more methane in atmosphere: rice in waterlogged conditions, organisms produce, more released into atmosphere, cattle produce it 2)more co2 (wood burned) and from microorganisms 3)less trees to take in co2 4)less biodiversity
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what are peat bogs and problems linked to it?
bogs are areas of acidic and waterlogged land. plants dont fully decay when die- not enough o2. partly rotted plants build up- form peat. carbon in plants stored in peat (not released) peat decomposes when bogs drained, so co2 released...............
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what does sequestered mean and how is the co2 sequestered?
'locked up' in natural stores in oceans, lakes, ponds. green plants- stored as carbon compounds, peat bogs---> storing co2 means co2 is removed from atmosphere
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how is co2 and methane a problem for earth?
gases in atmosphere act as an insulating leyer. absorb most of heat and re-radiate back to earth. gases keeping heat in- 'greenhouse gases' main ones- co2 and methane. increasing greenhouse gases- global warming cause type of climate change
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what different climate changes are caused by global warming?
1) warmer seas- expands, sea levels rise-- floods 2)higher temps melt ice caps-- melt into seas and sea level rise more 3) more extreme weather e.g. hotter droughts, hurricanes 4)change in specie distribution 5)change in migration (birds)
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what is fermentation
fuels made by fermentation of natural products (waste products used). fermentation is when bacteria or yeast break sugars down by anaerobic (not use oxygen) respiration
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how to make ethanol
yeast make ethanol when breaking down glucose by anaerobic respiration. glucose--> ethanol+ co2+energy (sugar can juice used or glucose derived from maize starch by action of carbohydrase (enzyme) ) ethanol-distilled to separate from yeast and
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what is gasohol
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what is biogas? how is it made?
about 70% methane and 30% co2! lots of different microorganisms used to produce biogas. ferment plant and animal waste, contains carbohydrate. sludge waste- make biogas on large scale.
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explain using biogas fuel production on a large or small scale
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what is benefit of using biogas?
-remove waste material -env't friendly -carbon neutral -produce fertiliser
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diagram a biogas generator (explain conditions)
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what is a batch generator
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what is a continuous generator
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what four factors to consider when designing a generator and explain?
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what economic and env't effects do biofuels have
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explain food chain efficiency
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how to restrict energy lost by farm animals
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what is free range farming
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what is over fishing and how to control it?
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what is mycoprotein?
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explain the conditions to grow mycoprotein in
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pros and cons of factory farming
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pros and cons of organic/ free range farming
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what is job of lungs? use diagram
transfer oxygen to blood and reove co2 fro it. contains alveoli where gas exhange takes black
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how is alveoli specialized to maximise diffusion of o2 and co2? use diagram
-enorous suface area -moist lining for dissolving gases -very thin walls (diffusion can happen more easily) -good blood supply
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what happens inside the small intestine
contains millions of tiny projections called villi -increase surface area so that digested food is absorbed more quickly into blood
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how is villi efficient? use diagram
- good blood supply to assist quick absorption - one cell thick (diffusion distance is smaller) -increases surface area -contains micro villi
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what does micro villi do?use diagram
micro vill (more) on surface cells - increase surface cell - contains mitochondria, which supply energy (respiration) for active transport (digested food exchange)
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define active transport
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how are root hair cells specialised for absorbing water and minerals
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how do root hair take in minerals using active transport
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how does active transport work in the gut
when low conc of nutrients in gut and high conc of nutrients in the blood (otherwise works other way by diffusion into blood) use active transport- allows nutrients to be taken into blood against the concentration gradient
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explain the double circulatory system
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explain how heart contracts blood around body
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label a heart
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what does the arteries do? diagram
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what does the capillaries do? diagram
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what does the veins do? diagram
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what do the red blood cells do? how is it adapted
carry oxygen from lungs to all body cells -doughnut shape: give large surface area to absorb o2 -no nucleus: more oxygen to store
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what do red blood cells do in the lungs and body tissues?
r.b.cells contains pigment called haemoglobin. haemoglobin + oxygen -> oxyhaemoglobin. in body tissues oxyhaeoglobin split into haemoglobin and oxygen to release oxygen to the cells (breaks down when cells respire for respiration)
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what do white blood cells do? what are the two types? use diagram
help fight microorganisms (infection) by changing shape. phagocytes: engluf+ingest foreign bacteria Lymphocytes: create unique antibodies- target microorganisms and antitoxins (when arrive, attack and destroy)
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what do platelets do?
small fragment of cells. help blood to clot at a wound- stop blood out and microorganisms in -lack of it causes excessive bleeding and bruising
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what is plasma?
transport any medium: red&white blood cells, platelets, nutrients like glucose and amino acids (soluble products) co2 produced in organs bought back to lungs, urea (waste from liver, break of amino acids) to kidneys, hormones, antibodies, antitoxins
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what is artificial blood?
heart still pumps remaining red blood cells, if vol of blood topped up incase of accident. it is a blood substitute, replace lost vol of blood, safe, keep people alive, give enough time to produce new blood cells (otherwise- blood transfusion)
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explain replacing a heart
artificial hearts-mechanical devices put into person to pump blood, if own heart fails. temp fix (keep alive until donor heart) or permanent fix (reduce need of donor heart)
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what is adv and disadv of artificial heart?
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explain replacing a valve
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what is a coronary heart disease?
when arteries that supply blood to muscle get blocked by fatty deposits (cholestrol). arteries becoe narrow and blood flow restricted- less o2, glucose supplied to heart & heart attack -
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explain stents? use diagram
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explain adv and disadv of using stents
ADV: lowers risk of heart attack in people with C.h. disease DISADV: over time, artery narrows, stents irritate artery, make scar tissue grow. patient take drugs- stop blood clotting on stent
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is a partially permeable membrane?

Back

a barrier which contains very small holes that only tiny molecules e.g. water can fit through and bigger ones (sucrose can't)

Card 3

Front

draw and label a osmosis diagram

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is a steady net flow?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

how does osmosis work in tissue fluids?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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MAvoice

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We haven't done this in my construction class at all. I'm starting to think my school have bootlegged construction courses

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