differences in behaviour between males and females
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Socialisation Process
the process by which an individuals' behaviour is conditioned and shaped
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Actor
the individual or entity responsible for the action of a verb process
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Affected
The person or entity affected by the verb process
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Marked form
that which stands out as different from the norm (eg. instructress)
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Unmarked form
the measured norm (eg. instructor)
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Covert marking
marking that is understood
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Overt marking
marking which takes place through affixation or modification
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Exclusive language
language centred around one gender
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Inclusive language
language which includes both genders or is generic
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Stereotyping
assigning general characteristics to a group as a whole, often with negative connotations
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Semantic derogation
the sense of negative meanings or connotations attached to some words
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Semantic deterioration
the process by which negative connotations become attached to words
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Folklinguistics
attitudes and assumptions about language which have no real evidence to support them (eg. women gossip more than men)
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Zimmerman and West - Dominance Approach
a female speakers rights are infringed by males (eg. men may interrupt)
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O'barr and Atkins
studied language of men and women in courtrooms and found that language was more dependent on power relations than on gender
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Lakoff - Deficit Approach
female language is deficient from the established male norm as a result of the socialisation process and women's subservient role to men (women use weak expletives, hedgers, empty adjective, tag questions and intensifiers)
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Holmes
disagreed with Lakoff's deficit approach - argued that tag questions, fillers and hedgers are multifunctional and not necessarily a sign of weakness
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Coates - Difference Approach
all-female talk is cooperative (they negotiate and support one another)
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Pilkington
women aim for positive politeness strategies and men are less complimentary and less supportive in all male talk
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Kuiper
in all-male talk, men pay less attention to politeness strategies and use insults as a way of expressing solidarity
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
the process by which an individuals' behaviour is conditioned and shaped
Back
Socialisation Process
Card 3
Front
the individual or entity responsible for the action of a verb process
Back
Card 4
Front
The person or entity affected by the verb process
Back
Card 5
Front
that which stands out as different from the norm (eg. instructress)
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