96% of interruptions in mixed-sex conversation made by males
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Deficit theory
Androcentric - Women's language is lacking
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Lakoff - Women
Women - Hedges, Polite, Apologise, Intensifiers, No humour
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Holmes
Tag questions help conversation
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Dubois & Crouch
Men use more tag questions - Does not mean they are less confident speakers
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Difference theory
Represent different 'social groups' - 'Social scripts'
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Pilkington
Women - Polite and positive. Men - Less complimentary
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Kuiper
Rugby club - Less likely to save face, insulting each there to show camaraderie
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Ives
Asked 63 teens 'Do people speak differently depending on age?' - 100% said yes - Become posher and start using S.E
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Stenstrom
Teenage language - Interruptions, Shortenings, Name calling, Slang, Taboo
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Martinez
Teenager use negative frequently
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Eckert
Chronological - Since birth. Biological - Physical maturity. Social - Life events
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Dixon, Mahoney and *****
Matched guise - Policeman and criminal - Brummie vs RP, Brummie was more likely to be perceived as guilty
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Giles
Mathed guise - One speaker to 17 year olds - Brummie vs RP, RP was given higher intelligence
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Trudgill
RP speakers perceived as haughty and unfriendly by non RP just based n accent
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Trudgill - Schools
Children with working class accents predicted to have less educational potential over children with middle-class accents
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Choy & Dodd
Teachers make judgements on children, educationally, based on their accent
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Joos
Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual, Intimate
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Grace's maxims
Quality - Truthful. Quantity - Provide enough information. Relevance - Relevant to topic. Manner - Understandable, Not complex
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Goffman - footing
Equal footing - Same authority. Unequal footing - Different levels of power, E.g Boss and Employee
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Goffman - Face
Positive -Wanting to be liked. Negative - Being told what to do
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Giles - C&D
Convergence - Adopting a similar accent to vocabulary to the person you are talking to. Divergence - Moving away from the person's accent to distance yourself from them
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Lakoff - Audience/Occupation
Don't impose - Appropriate distance. Give options - Allow response. Make audience feel good
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General occupational formalities in language
Jargon/Subject specific lexis. Acronyms/Initialisms
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Lavender linguistics
Research of language used by the LGBTQ+ community
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Halliday
Anti-language - Anti-society set up within a society as an alternative. Same grammar but different vocabulary - Word meanings
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
96% of interruptions in mixed-sex conversation made by males
Back
Zimmerman & West
Card 3
Front
Androcentric - Women's language is lacking
Back
Card 4
Front
Women - Hedges, Polite, Apologise, Intensifiers, No humour
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