Language Diversity

?
Prescriptivism
The belief that there is an absolute authority determining what is correct usage;that correctness is something absolute and unchangeable, based on rules established in the past
1 of 47
Descriptivism
The belief that correctness is dependent on context and what is appropriate - take norms from observing what the majority do
2 of 47
Howard Giles
Matched Guise Technique (status, personality, persuasiveness - RP, national accents, regional rural, urban)
3 of 47
Aziz Corporation Survey
If you don't have an RP accent, it's better to be from USA, Europe or India than have a regional accent
4 of 47
Central Office of Information
Survey finding not all regions like to hear their own accents in adverts
5 of 47
Covert Prestige
Status gained from peer group recognition, rather than public acknowledgement
6 of 47
Overt Prestige
Status that is publicly acknowledged
7 of 47
Glottal stop
Closure of the vocal cords - 'with' like 'wiv'
8 of 47
Convergence
Changing your language in order to move towards that of another individual
9 of 47
Divergence
Changing your language to move away from that of another individual
10 of 47
Multiplexity
The number of ways two people know each other e.g. friends, work
11 of 47
Penelope Eckert (2000)
Jocks & Burnouts - both critical of each other's language
12 of 47
Jenny Cheshire (1982)
'Tough' girls and boys conformed to non-standard grammatical forms like ain't
13 of 47
Harriet Powney
People in a family invent their own private lexis to refer to shared meanings
14 of 47
Community of practice
A group of people who share understandings, perspectives and forms of language use as a result of meeting regularly over time
15 of 47
Bernstein
Elaborated and restricted code
16 of 47
John Swales (2011)
defined a discourse community as having members who have shared goals, communicate internally, use specialist lexis and possess a required level of knowledge
17 of 47
Drew & Heritage (1993)
Members of discourse communities share inferential frameworks
18 of 47
Inferential Frameworks
Knowledge built up over time and used in order to understand meanings that are implicit
19 of 47
Koester (2004)
Workers need to establish important relationships through phatic talk to get work done
20 of 47
Lakoff (1975)
Women hedge, use tag questions, super polite forms, hypercorrect grammer etc.
21 of 47
Sex Discrimination Act (1975)
Became illegal to write a job advert that implied people of only one sex could apply
22 of 47
Patronym
Names that reflect male lines of inheritance (male first name with pre/suffix
23 of 47
Dominance Theory
Language and gender is influenced by society
24 of 47
O'Barr & Atkins
Powerless language not female language - language in a courtroom
25 of 47
Dale Spender
Language favours men - we should change society not language
26 of 47
Tannen (1990)
Difference in gender begins at childhood
27 of 47
Howe
Men have strategies to gain power, women are more active listeners
28 of 47
Piklington (1992)
Women focus on feelings, men challenge each other more
29 of 47
Language Levels
Discourse structure, grammar, lexis, semantics, phonology, graphology, pragmatics
30 of 47
Sentence functions
Interrogative, exclamatory, imperative, declarative
31 of 47
Adjacency pairs
'How are you? / Fine thanks' (things that normally go together)
32 of 47
Back-channel
Words, phrases, non-verbal utterances assuring the speaker you understand e.g. 'yeah'
33 of 47
Contraction
A reduced form often marked by an apostrophe e.g. can't
34 of 47
Elision
The omission of one or more sounds or syllables
35 of 47
Ellipsis
The omission of part of a grammatical structure
36 of 47
False Start
The speaker begins an utterance and then stops, either repeating or reformulating it
37 of 47
Grice's Maxims
4 basic conversational rules - quantity, relevance, manner, quality
38 of 47
Non-fluency Features
Normal characteristics of spoken language that interrupt the 'flow' e.g. hesitations, false starts, fillers
39 of 47
Para-linguistic features
Related to body language e.g. gestures, facial expressions
40 of 47
Phatic talk
Conversational utterances that have no concrete purpose other than to establish/maintain personal relationships
41 of 47
Prosodic features
Stress, rhythm, pitch, tempo, intonation etc.
42 of 47
Simple sentence
Made up of one main clause
43 of 47
Compound sentence
Two main clauses joined with a conjunction
44 of 47
Complex sentence
Main clause joined to one or more subordinate clauses
45 of 47
Main clause
Makes sense on its own
46 of 47
Subordinate clause
Reliant on main clause for context
47 of 47

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The belief that correctness is dependent on context and what is appropriate - take norms from observing what the majority do

Back

Descriptivism

Card 3

Front

Matched Guise Technique (status, personality, persuasiveness - RP, national accents, regional rural, urban)

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

If you don't have an RP accent, it's better to be from USA, Europe or India than have a regional accent

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Survey finding not all regions like to hear their own accents in adverts

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar English Language resources:

See all English Language resources »See all Language Diversity resources »