Theories for paper 2 (20th June)

Theories for Section A of paper 2. Includes technology (1-7), ethnicity (8-13), occupation (14-17) and gender (18-24) more general theories after this

?
  • Created by: 070998
  • Created on: 18-06-17 15:29
Fairclough
Computers imitate human interaction and allow people to take turns.
1 of 32
Werry
In internet chat, people use more letters than necessary to imitate speech or semantic nuance.
2 of 32
Carrington
Linguistic compression used in texts, such as vowel deletion, phonetic spelling and homophones.
3 of 32
Crystal
Said that text messaging uses a variety of acronyms and variant spelling for compression and also pragmatic meanings.
4 of 32
Shortis
Using an online site creates a virtual identity and is not real.
5 of 32
Brown and Levinson
Positive politeness - we show we admire someone. Negative politeness - we avoid intruding on others.
6 of 32
Lakoff
We message in a positive manner to co-operate with others.
7 of 32
Pitts
Young black English speakers moved towards a resistance identity through language.
8 of 32
Fox
Multicultural English was spoken by youths from white, black and Asian communities.
9 of 32
Edwards
Creole speaking students were more likely to be ‘singled out’ by the teacher, and that ethnicity alone is not sufficient to explain language use.
10 of 32
Milroy (link to ethnicity)
If ethnicity is central to a close network group and if the network strength is high, pidgins and creoles might evolve. Consequently, this will affect their use of English. If the Creoles are spoken by the second generation of the closed network grou
11 of 32
Rompton
Punjabi and South Asian English was used by Asian males within own ethnic groups as an identity marker (links to categorisation theory). It is also used to challenge established white-dominated social hierarchy of Britain - using it to joke amongst t
12 of 32
Hewitt and Sebba
Cultural showcasing: white youths using Creole forms with other whites. Private arrangements: close friendships permitting sociolinguistics is a violation of norms of black-white interaction.
13 of 32
Swales
Employees are all part of a discourse community. This community shares common goals and uses specialist lexis.
14 of 32
Koester
Forming interpersonal relationships is vital for success at work.
15 of 32
Hornyak
The shift from workplace talk to interpersonal talk is always initiated by the highest ranking person in the room.
16 of 32
Drew and Heritage
Summarised differences between workplace talk and everyday communication, the differences included: structure, asymmetry, professional lexis, and turn taking
17 of 32
Lakoff
Deficit approach, women's speech is worse than men's. For example, she proposed that women use more empty adjectives and overuse qualifiers.
18 of 32
Tannen
Difference approach. Six contrasts: status vs support, independence vs intimacy, orders vs proposals, advice vs understanding, conflict vs compromise, information vs feelings
19 of 32
Zimmerman and West
Studied speech in a sample of white, middle class people that were under 35 years of age. They found that men made 96% of the interruptions.
20 of 32
Beattie
Criticism of Zimmerman and West's theory, said that men made those interruptions to show that they were listening.
21 of 32
Fishman
Women use more personal pronouns than men.
22 of 32
Cameron
Men and women face normative expectations about the appropriate mode of speech for their gender.
23 of 32
Coates and Jones
Categorised women's talk into: gossip, bitching, house talk and scandal.
24 of 32
Sacks
Says we are members of cultural groups and we create linguistic barriers to stop anyone entering our group (categorisation theory)
25 of 32
Giles
We adjust our linguistic technique depending on the listener (accommodation theory)
26 of 32
H.P. Grice
4 maxims - quantity, quality, relevance and manner
27 of 32
Grice
Cooperative principle - describes how the participants work together while in conversation
28 of 32
Labov
New York department store study - people over-pronounced the 'r' in 'fourth floor'
29 of 32
Instrumental and influential power
instrumental - power because of occupation influential - power because of reputation
30 of 32
Fairclough
proposed that every interaction involves a power struggle
31 of 32
Labov
martha's vineyard - residents changed a diphthong sound in order to separate themselves from the tourists
32 of 32

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

In internet chat, people use more letters than necessary to imitate speech or semantic nuance.

Back

Werry

Card 3

Front

Linguistic compression used in texts, such as vowel deletion, phonetic spelling and homophones.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Said that text messaging uses a variety of acronyms and variant spelling for compression and also pragmatic meanings.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Using an online site creates a virtual identity and is not real.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar English Language resources:

See all English Language resources »See all Language variation and discourses resources »