Language and reading lecture 3

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  • Created by: freya_bc
  • Created on: 02-01-17 18:34
What is a logical inference?
It depends on the meaning of words e.g. widow must be female
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What is a bridging inference?
links between what read in past and present e.g. water on bonfire and the bonfire went out so bridging inference that it was caused by the water
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What is an elaborative inference?
Inferences that don't need to be made to understand something/ it embellishes/adds details e.g. tooth was pulled painlessly so elaborative inference that made by a doctor
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Name two approaches of how we process text
The Constructionist Approach and Minimalist Hypothesis
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Who proposed the Constructionist Approach to text processing?
Bransford, Barclay and Franks (1970)
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Explain the Constructionist Approach
construct a relatively complete mental model of situation and events referred to in the text, it implies that numerous elaborative inferences are drawn while reading
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Explain some supporting evidence for the constructionist approach
"three turtles rested on floating log and fish swam beneath", inference fish swam beneath log not the turtles, target sentnece "three turtles rested on floating log and fish swam beneath" if made inference said sentences were the same
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Explain some evidence against the constructionist approach
Dooling and Christiannsen- gerald martin story, recog test week later told actually about hitler, filled gaps of knowledge with world knowledge about hitler- elaborative inferences made at recall
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Describe MacKoon and Ratcliff's (1992) contribution to our understanding of processing text
Inferences are automatic or strategic (goal directed)- we only use inferences when necessary/ most of the time automatic if need it to understand the text
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What is an automatic inference?
Required for logical coherence/rely on info explicitly stated in the e e.g. logical/bridging inferences needed to understand things
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What is an elaborative inference?
more strategic only use to fit in with your goals, most elaborative inferences made at recall e.g. working out who killed someone in a murder mystery book
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Describe some support for the minimalist hypothesis
Calvo, Castillo, Schmalofer (2006) one group read for comprehension other to work out what happens next. target word- paid naming task to say out loud quickly, comprehension group should take longer - C: only make elab inferences when part of goal
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Describe some research against the minimalist hypothesis
Poynor and Mirros (2003) goal of main character told explicitly or implicitly/implied (inferred) took longer to read sentence describing inconsistent action regardless of explicit/implicit goals C: readers elab inferences even when only implied
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What was Zwaan and Radvansky's (1998) contribution to our understanding a piece of text
The Event Indexing Model
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Name the five dimensions an individual tracks to understand a piece of text
The protagonist, temporality, casusality, spatiality and intentionality
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Expand on the dimension- the protagonist
Who central character is, has it changed
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Expand on the dimension- temporality
Relationship between times at which present and previous events occurred
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Expand on the dimension- causality
Causal relationship of current event and previous one
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Expand on the dimension- spatiality
Relationship between spatial setting of current and previous events
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Expand on the dimension- intentionality
Relationship between characters goals and present
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State the influence the dimensions have on the reader's ability to understand the text
If all dimensions stay the same, don't have to update mental models and it is easy to understand and read. It is more difficult if these components change or have to update the model
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Explain some support of the dimension of temporality
Claus and Kelter (2006) when story shows longer time e.g. 3 hours compared to 15 minutes further in past so have to mentally rearrange to make sense of text/track time of when events occurred C:can put events in chronological order, even w/flashback
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Evaluate the event indexing model in terms of a strength
IDs key processes involved in creating and updating situational models
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Evaluate the event indexing model in terms of a weakness
Internal representation nature not referenced in terms of how built by readers/listeners to understand lang
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Explain how schemas represent language in a mental model
Stored in LTM in scripts (events/consequences of events) and frames (objects/knowledge about structures relating to aspect of world/building)
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Give an example of a script
Being in restaurant- wait, get table, order drinks, order food etc
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Give an example of a frame
Fixed structural info of a building e.g. has floors/walls and slots for variable info e.g. number of floors, amount of windows
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Evidence some support for how schemas are used to understand text
Bransford and Johnson (1972) if give something a title easier to fit to relevant schema/easier to understand text/remember more
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Who proposed the experimental simulations approach in relation to understanding text
Barsalou (2008), Glenberg (2008), Zwaan (2004)
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What is the experimental simulations approach?
How we represent the info we are reading about "modal simulations/bodily states and situated action underlie cognition"
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What do experimental simulations mean in terms of understanding a text?
Some sensori-motor representations activate when interacting with the envi are simulated/modelled when reading about a similar experience
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Explain action in terms of the experimental simulations approach
Zwaan and Taylor (06) text appears on screen one word at time, dictate speed by turning dial. anti-clockwise or clockwise if action is same as what would be in real life it facilitates, if not it inhibits C: interaction between simulate and perform
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Explain perception in terms of the experimental simulations approach
Zwaan, Stanfield and Yaxley (02) when read about object simulate mental image of it. Was picture shown mentioned in sentence?increased RT if picture matches simulation e.g. bird in sky vs bird on branch
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Explain neuroimaging in terms of the experimental simulations approach
Speer, Reynolds, Swallow, Zacks (09) same brain regions activated when reading about a particular event as when performing the action
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What did Chen and Bargh (99) find about the affect of words?
faster to make push response for negative sitm as used to pushing away, vice versa for +ve words.
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What did Chen and Bargh (99) conclude?
Positive emotional stimuli prime approach behaviour
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What did Chen and Bargh (99) label their finding as?
The affective movement compatibility effect
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How did Niedenthal (07) depict feeling/simulating emotions involved in understanding a text?
Had to judge whether words +/-. Activation of facial muscles in smiling/frowning. With positive words smile activated more and vice versa. With understanding a word, feeling the emotion too
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Describe Havas, Glenberg and Rinck's work into mood induction
Induced moods in pp to see if affect how perceive in text, faster judgement on positive things when smile induced (pen)
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Evaluate the simulations approach in terms of strengths
framework for explaining nature of internal representation created by readers and listeners to understand lang, heightened envi perception/action/emotions simulation involved in lang comprehension
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Evaluate the simulations approach in terms of weakness
Not all texts describe these concrete concepts but abstract ones like truth/freeedom/law how make mental perception/movement/emotion
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Card 2

Front

What is a bridging inference?

Back

links between what read in past and present e.g. water on bonfire and the bonfire went out so bridging inference that it was caused by the water

Card 3

Front

What is an elaborative inference?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Name two approaches of how we process text

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who proposed the Constructionist Approach to text processing?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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