Robin Lakoff (1975)
Hedging - 'sort of'
Tag questions
Indirect speech
Super polite forms and apologies
Empty adjectives
Euphemisms
Evaluation
x - Following stereotypes
x - No actual research
x - No analysis
1 of 12
Jespersen (1922)
Women talk a lot
Women have a smaller vocabulary
Women uses hyperboles
Women use empty adjectives
2 of 12
Zimmerman and West (1975)
Men are more likely to interrupt than women
Men dominate conversation
Evaluation
x - Not a representative sample
x - Sweeping generalisation
o - Actual research
o - Informal setting, no social desirability
3 of 12
Pamela Fishman
Conversational 'shitwork'
Tag questions, backchanneling
Evaluation
o - Lots of data
x - Not a representative sample
x - Women will try to defy stereotypes
x - Only 3 couples
4 of 12
Geoffrey Beattie (1982)
Men and women interrupt equally
Evaluation
x - Not much data to work with
x - Old opinions
5 of 12
Deborah Tannen (1990)
Status VS Support
Advice VS Understanding
Orders VS Proposals
Independence VS Intimacy
Information VS Feelings
Conflict VS Compromise
Evaluation
x - Not based on any evidence
x - Only based on her personal thoughts
x - Sweeping generalisation
6 of 12
Janet Holmes
Women use more tag questions.
Men use more modal tags - lack of confidence?
Evaluation
o - Based on research and evidence
o - Qualitative data
7 of 12
Coates (2005)
Male talk
Prefer impersonal topics
Holding the floor
Verbal sparring
Lack of overlapping
Rapid-fire turns
8 of 12
Locke (2011)
Duels and duets
Men want status - duel
Women want cooperation - duet
Criticism
Susan Githens (1991)
"It hurts men and women to acknowledge these differences"
Pennebaker (2007)
Differences are not between genders but within them
9 of 12
Hyde (2005)
Gender similarities
More similarities than differences between language
Differences may be due to other factors
Age, Class, Ethnicity, Education, Occupation
10 of 12
Deborah Cameron (2008)
Difference can lead to:
- Job discrimination
It is highly patronising towards men
It is misleading to focus on differences between rather than within.
11 of 12
Spender (1980)
Women's conversational behaviour is less assertive and confident because of traditional inferiority.
Societal position drives behaviour
12 of 12
Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Women talk a lot
Women have a smaller vocabulary
Women uses hyperboles
Women use empty adjectives
Back
Jespersen (1922)
Card 3
Front
Evaluation
x - Not a representative sample
x - Sweeping generalisation
o - Actual research
o - Informal setting, no social desirability
Back
Card 4
Front
Evaluation
o - Lots of data
x - Not a representative sample
x - Women will try to defy stereotypes
x - Only 3 couples
Back
Card 5
Front
Evaluation
x - Not much data to work with
x - Old opinions
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