Claims women language is less assertive than mens and lacks authority
2 of 32
Name some features of women's language from the Deficit Model.
Empty adjectives. Hedges. Tag questions. Indirect questions/commands/requests. Intensifiers. Polite euphemisms. Hyper-correct grammar. Swear less. Lack a sense of humour.
3 of 32
Name a criticism of the Deficit Model.
Not based on research - based on gender stereotypes. Old fashioned.
4 of 32
Who put forward the Difference Model?
Tannen
5 of 32
What is the Difference Model?
Men and women speak differently because they form 2 different communities of practice and aim to achieve different goals
6 of 32
Name the 6 contrasts in men and women's language use from the Difference Model.
Status vs Support. Independence vs Intimacy. Advice vs Understanding. Information vs Feelings. Order vs Proposals. Conflict vs Compromise.
7 of 32
What was the conclusion of the Difference Model?
The contrasts lead to miscommunication - men and women get offended by each other trying to achieve different goals
8 of 32
Who put forward the Dominance Model?
Zimmerman and West
9 of 32
What is the Dominance Model?
Men are dominant in opposite sex conversations
10 of 32
What did they find from the Dominance Model?
Recorded mixed sex conversations and found men interrupt 96% of the time. Found men interrupt more in mixed sex conversations.
11 of 32
What was Jennifer Coates theory?
Conversational behaviour is different. Men will reject conversations introduced by women. Women are likely to initiate the conversation but less likely to make it succeed.
12 of 32
What was Pamela Fishman's theory?
In mixed sex conversations, men speak for twice as long as women. Mixed sex conversations often fail because of how men respond/don't respond.
13 of 32
Why does Pamela Fishman disagree with Robin Lakoff?
She says it's not women's fault that their speech seems deficit - it is men's fault for being dominant. Lakoff suggests women ask questions because they are insecure - Fisherman suggests they ask questions to draw others out.
14 of 32
Who put forward the Diversity Model?
Deborah Cameron
15 of 32
What is the Diversity Model?
Language differences between men and women are diverse and not easily reduced to gender itself. Context defines language use, not gender itself.
16 of 32
What was O'barr and Atkins study?
Studied language in the courtroom and found female lawyers are assertive and interrupt, and witnesses of both sexes would use Lakoff's 'weak female language'
17 of 32
What was concluded by O'barr and Atkins study?
Weak language traits were actually 'powerless language' rather than 'female language' - differences in social situations
18 of 32
What was Judith Butler's theory?
Gender is a performance and performances change depending on the context. A persons perception of 'masculinity' depends on how they behave.
19 of 32
What was Dale Spender's theory?
He argues that the English Language has an inherit gender bias. He is the only theorist that looks at the language to describe men and women.
20 of 32
Gendered pronouns
Choice of pronoun can convey a sense that the speaker feels the gender is important and has influence on the conversation (he/she)
Comments
No comments have yet been made