language acquisiton

?
What is the behaviourist view?
children learn language through: SR, imitation, reinforcement and shaping
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How is an association formed?
How behaviour might be reinforced, you hear the word milk, get some milk, therefore an association is formed
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What is the linguistic view?
Language faculty is innate and switched on by experience
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What is universal grammar?
The theory of the genetic component of the language faculty usually credited to Noam Chomsky. The basic postulate of UG is that a certain set of structural rules are innate to humans, independent of sensory experience
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What is more linguistic stimuli?
It is received in the course of psychological development, children then adopt specific syntactic rules that conform to UG
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What is an interaction model?
Cognitive models, piaget development, reasoning and environment, stages, information processing models, social interaction models, babies will change depending on the environment they are exposded to
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What is the prenatal exposure model?
- Average fetal heart rate for the 2 min prior to voice onset, 2 min of mother’s or stranger’s voice and 2 min following voice offset - A child has set up an association between the familiar mothers heart beat
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What is the prenatal learning
- 1-8 days old cry contours - 30 french and 30 German infants - Cries of the French children went up at the end, therefore, similar to French language where as German babies cry went down at the end, therefore mimicked the German language
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Therefore?
Evidence that children start to learn language in the womb
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What are universal listeners?
Discriminate all phonetic units of the worlds language
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What is the early learning frames futures?
Neural commitment own language facilitated, 0-5 days old french infants
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What is the high amplitude sucking paradigm?
Learning phase, habituation phase, new stimulus, measure how hard a child is sucking on the dummy, start sucking again if they hear a new stimulus
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What is a Prenatal learning 3?
English (stress timed) V Japanese (Mora - timed) - discrimination, english (Stress timed) Vs Dutch (stress timed) - No discrimination, English and dutch v italian and spanish syllable timed: discrimination
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What was discussed?
Can children pick up the difference between stress timed language vs the mora timed language: The infants could discriminate between the two languages. They might already understand 2 different speeds of language
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What happened by 1 year old?
No longer hear foreign language phonetic contrasts, tuning to native language at 6 month, improved language growth at 13, 16, 24 month, neural committment
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What is speaking?
Challenges of learning speech sounds: segmentation, grouping, 45 different sounds (phonemes) in english, stress, intonation, rhythm, vowels, boundaries, word order, grammar
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What is statistical learning and probability?
- Sounds, prosody, word order - Prih-tee/prih-bee - Is running/ can running - Splash/Splaft
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What happens if the brain repeatedly hears things then?
It will form neural connection, there will be separate pathways formed,
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Therefore?
- Every time you hear prih-tee, you form a strong connection. You don’t often hear prih-ee therefore the connection will not be as strong. If you repeatedly hear prih-bee then the connection will be stronger
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Saffran, 1996
- Bidakupadotigolabubidaki - Bida = Word (high probability) - Kupa = word boundary (low prob) - Test with words and non words
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What was found?
- 8months learn to pair syllables as words ie patterns to segment speech - Repeatedly say nonsense sentences
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What was used repeatedly and what isnt used repeatedly?
Bida is used repeatedly and Kupa is not used repeatedly, test children on how well they know the words. More likely to recognise hide rather than Kupa
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What is statistical learning?
Learning to segment, detect category structure from probabilities, 'da', 'ta'
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Singh, Morgan and Best, 2002
- Infants prefer ‘Happy- talk’ - Depressed mothers show less exaggerated prosody - Children recognised words more in the happy condition rather than the neutral condition. Emotion might be catching attention or more inclined to learn parts of the spe
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Compared to adult foreigner directed speech?
- IDS is higher in ptch - IDS comprises more positive affect - FDS/IDS exaggerated vowels
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Thiessen, Hill and Saffrain, 2005
- Non word learning, 6-7 month - Listening times longer for words than part words in IDS - IDS helps word segmentation
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What is segmenting abilities?
- Segmenting abilities at 6 months predict later vocabulary
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Therefore?
- IDS prosody helps with learning sound meaning associations (17 months) - How well a child wil l learn a new name for the unknown objects
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What is there a lack of?
IDS in some cultures
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Ochs (1985
- Ochs (1985) samoans reject ‘child centeredness’, emphasis on child to do the learning – no speech modifications
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Heath (1983)
Trackton mothers, S Carolina – reported no CDS or talking to infants but immerse in language and were addressed
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NB haggen
Kuwaiti mothers adamant they didn’t use CDS. Observations showed they did. Potential input from siblings
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What does the interactive human element improve?
Learning
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What is care givers speech?
Joint attention (9-12 months), communcative pointing (12 months), intentions (18 months)
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Skinner
- Initial knowledge: Non - Mechanisms for development: Reward contingencies, statistical knowledge, association - Surrounding language input: No influence
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Chomsky
- Universals of language - Maturation of a language module - Triggers one of the patterns contained in innate knowledge
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Connectionist?
- None (Biological system constraints) - Statistical learning, connections formed - Mapped in detail through perceptions
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First stage of speaking?
Reflexive vocalisations, 0-2 months, crying, burping, fussing, vowel like sounds
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What is the second stage of speaking?
Cooing laughing, 2-4 months, coo, goo, back of mouth
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3rd stage
Vocal play, 4-6 months, variety, explore sounds
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4th stage
Canonical babbling, 6 months + C-V syllables with adult like timing
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5th stage
Jargon, 10 months +, early speech, sounds, syllables, stress, intonation, conversation
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6th stage
Protowords 12 months, made up but resemble adult words, controlled has meaning
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What is the stages of babbling to word transition
Social feedback  Hear and see speech  Produce speech  Sound tacticle feedback
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Early feedback
18m, manipulate language to fit sounds, 2 y: begin playing with sounds, 1-7 year: articulatory gesture development, grammar development, 3y: onset: past tense, 4y: similar start sounds, exposure to alphabet feeds,
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What happens at 6 and 8-9 years
Decodes into phonemes: 14ooo words vocabulary, 40,000+ by 8-9 Y
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Card 2

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How is an association formed?

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How behaviour might be reinforced, you hear the word milk, get some milk, therefore an association is formed

Card 3

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What is the linguistic view?

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Card 4

Front

What is universal grammar?

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Card 5

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What is more linguistic stimuli?

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