key words --> module 1 cells

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  • Created by: Grace
  • Created on: 06-04-13 15:09
Magnification
The degree to which the size of an image is larger than the object itself. Magnification = image size / actual size
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Resolution
The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together. The higer the resolution, the greater the detail you can see.
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Stage Micrometer
A microscopic ruler on a slide which is placed on the microscope stage. The ruler is 1mm long and has 100 divisions, each being 10 microns big.
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Eyepeice Graticule
A transparent slide with a ruler etched on which is fitted to an eyepiece lens. The graticule scale is different for each magnification so it need calibrating each time. 1 eyepiece unit = size of micrometer division / eyepiece units per micrometer
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Light Microscope
the basic microscope which can be used with no past experience. It can achieve a magnification of x1500 and a resulution of 200nm.
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Staining
A process used for light microscopes. It involves chemicals binding to specific organelles in cells as otherwise they would not be visible.
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Sectioning
A process which involves embeding a sample in wax. This then allows the sample to be cut without distorting the structure of the specimen. These can then be examined under a microscope.
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Transmission Electron Microscope
Electrons pass through a very thin prepared sample. Electrons pass less easily through denser parts so contrast is created. The image is 2D. The magnification is x500000 and the resolution is 0.1nm.
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Scanning Electron Microscope
Electrons are fired at the sample and they bounce off of the surface cauing the final image to be 3D. The magnification is x100000 and the resolution is 0.1nm.
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Cytoskeleton
The network of protein fibres which is found within the cell. It gives structure and shape to the cell and also moves organelles around inside cells.
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Organelle
A particular structure of a cell that has a specialised function. They may be membrane bound. All perform a particular role in the life processes of the cell.
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Division of Labour
Each type of organelle has a specificrole within the cell. The diffferent organelles work together in the cell, each contributing to the survival of the cell.
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Eukaryotic cells
Cells that are 7-10 microns big. They have a true nucleus and contain organelles that have membranes. ATP production occurs in the mitochondria.
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Prokaryotic cells
Cells that are 1-5 microns big and do not contain any membrane bound organelles.The cell wall is made of peptidoglycan and the DNA is in a loop called a plasmid. ATP production takes place in the mesosomes in the plasma membrane.
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Phospholipid Bilayer
The basic structural component of plasma membranes. It consists of two layers of phospholipid molecules. Protein molecules are embedded in this layer.
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Partially Permeable
Membranes that allow some water molecules and some solutes through the membrane. Only certain molecules can pass through the membrane.
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Fluid Mosaic Model
The model of the cell membrane structure. The lipid molecules give fluidity and proteins in the membrane give it a mosaic appearance. The molecules can move about.
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Cell Signalling
Cells communicate with one another by signals. Many molecules act as signals - some act as signals during processes taking place inside of cells; others signal from one cell to another.
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Diffusion
The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration of the molecule down a concentration gradient.
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Facillitated Diffusion
Diffusion that occurs due to some form of transporter mechanism. For example across the plasma membrane, there are channel and carrier proteins to assist molecules diffuse across the membrane.
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Active Transport
proteins carry specific molecules aross the membrane against the concentration gradient. It requires ATP and the process is much faster than diffusion.
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Endocytosis
The bulk transportation of material inside a vesicle through the plasma membrane into the cell or organelle. It requires ATP to move the vesicle.
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Exocytosis
The bulk transportation of material inside a vesicle through the plasma membrane out of the cell or organelle. It requires ATP to move the vesicle.
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Water Potential
A measure of the tendency of water molecules to diffuse from one place to another. Water always moves from an area of high water potential to a region of lower water potential. If there are solutes present then the water has a lower water potential.
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Osmosis
The movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to a region of lower water potential down a water potential gradient. It MUST pass through a partially permemeable membrane.
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The Cell Cycle
The events that take place as one parent cell divides to produce two new daughter cells which then each grow to full size. For some organisms, the cell cycle is the life cycle, and each daughter is a new single-celled organism ( e.g. yeast)
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Growth Phase
The first and third stages of the cell cycle in which the cell grows and the number of organelles increases. It is part of interphase.
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Synthesis Phase
The second stage of the cell cycle. It is when the chromosomes replicate. It is part of interphase.
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Interphase
It lasts for the majority of the cell cycle and the two growth phases and synthesis make this up.
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Mitosis
the process of nuclear division where two genetically identical nuclei are formed from one parent cell nucleus. The process occurs in four stages, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase.
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Prophase
Stage 1 of mitosis. The replicated chromosomes (from S phase) supercoil around histone proteins causing them to shorten and thicken. The nucleas envelope disappears and the centrioles split in to to form the spindles at the poles of the cell.
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Metaphase
Stage 2 of mitosis. The chromosomes move to the equator (centeral region) of the cell. The spindles attach to the centromeres.
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Anaphase
Stage 3 of mitosis. The sister chromatids are seperated when the centromere breaks. The chromatids become chromosomes. The spindles shorten pulling the chromosomes apart. They are V shaped as they are pulled by the centromeres,
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Telophase
Stage 4 of mitosis. As the chromosomes reach the poles of the cell, a new nuclear envelope forms around each set.The spindles break down and disappear. The chromosomes uncoil.
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Cytokinesis
The end of the cell cycle. First a cell plate along the equator of the cell is formed and here the material for the new membrane is placed. The membrane is pinched in (cleavage formation) and the cell splits to form two new cells.
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Meristem Cells
The only type of cells in a plant that are capable of mitosis and cytokinesis. They are found at the root and shoot tips as well as in a ring in the stem or trunk. They are responsible for the growth of the entire plant.
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Clones
Genetically identical cells or organismsderived from one parent.
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Stem Cells
Cells that are potentially capable of becoming any one of the different cell typesfound in the fully grown organism. They are described as omnipotent (adults) or totipotent (children).
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Meiosis
The type of cell division responsible for producing gametes. The cells produced are different to cells produced by mitosis as they have half the number of chromosomes and the resulting cells are not genetically identical to each other or the parent.
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Haploid Cells
Cells which only contain one set of chromosomes. They are genetically different to each other and to the parent.
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Differentiation
The changes occuring in cells of a multicellular organism so that each different type of cell becomes specialised ro perform a specific function.
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Tissues
A collection of cells that are similar to each otherand perform a common function. They may be attached to each other.
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Organs
A collection of tissues working together to perform a particular funtion.
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Organ Systems
A number of organs working together to perform an overall life function.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

The degree to which it is possible to distinguish between two objects that are very close together. The higer the resolution, the greater the detail you can see.

Back

Resolution

Card 3

Front

A microscopic ruler on a slide which is placed on the microscope stage. The ruler is 1mm long and has 100 divisions, each being 10 microns big.

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

A transparent slide with a ruler etched on which is fitted to an eyepiece lens. The graticule scale is different for each magnification so it need calibrating each time. 1 eyepiece unit = size of micrometer division / eyepiece units per micrometer

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

the basic microscope which can be used with no past experience. It can achieve a magnification of x1500 and a resulution of 200nm.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
View more cards

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