Key Concepts - Napier Press Sociology AQA - Families and Households

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Ageism
Negative stereotyping of people based on their age. e.g. Old are portrayed as vulnerable and burden to society.
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Alienation
When someone feels isolated due to lack of power. Marx says workers are alienated as they are exploited.
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Birth Rate
Number of births of the population per year.
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Bourgeoisie
Capital class who are the owners of productions. They have political and ideological power.
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Childhood
Socially defined age-status. There is a difference of the definition between cultures. Western today - vulnerable and segregated from adult. In the past they were part of adult society.
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Civil Partnership
2004 Civil Partnership Act gives same-sex couples similar rights to married couples - pensions, inheritance, tenancies, property etc.
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Conjugal Roles
Roles of husband and wife.
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Cultural Capital
Knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities that the middle class transmit to their children.
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Culture
All those things that learnt and shared by a society or group of people and transmitted from generation.
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Death Rate
Number of deaths per thousand a year.
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Demography
Study of population, including birth, death, fertility and infant mortality rates, immigration and emigration and age structure.
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Dependency Culture
People assume that the state will support them rather than relying on their own efforts and taking responsibility for their families.
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Dependency Ratio
Relationship between the size of the working population and the non-working or dependent population.
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Deviance
Behaviour that does not conform to the norms of a society or group.
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Differentiation
Distinguishing differences between individuals or groups.
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Discrimination
Treating people differently whether negatively or positively due to them being members of a particular social change.
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Domestic Labour
Work performed in the home such as childcare, cooking and cleaning.
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Dual Burden
When a person is responsible for two jobs.
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Emotion Work
Work involved in meeting the emotional needs of other people.
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Empathy
Understanding how another person thinks, feels or acts.
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Empty Shell Marriage
Married in the same name only where they live under the same roof but as individuals.
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Ethics
Issues of right and wrong, moral principles or guild lines.
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Ethic Group
People who share the same heritage, culture and identity.
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Ethnocentric
Judging things in a biased way from viewpoint of one particular culture.
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Exchange Theory
People create, maintain or break off relationship due to economical benefits.
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Exploitation
Paying workers less than value of their labour.
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Expressive Role
Caring, nurturing, 'homemaker' role in the family.
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Extended Family
Living with a group of kin extended beyond the nuclear family.
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Family Diversity
Range of different family types rather than one dominant one.
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Family Practices
Routine actions through which we create our sense of 'being a family member'.
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Family Structure
Composition of group of people who live together as a family unit.
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Fertility Rate
Average number of children women will have during their fertile years.
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Feminism
Focuses on women's oppression and blame it on men.
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Fordism
Industrial production based on detailed division of labour.
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Function
Contribution that a part of society make stability or well-being of society as a whole.
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Functional Fit
Family becomes nuclear to fit the needs of industrial society.
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Functionalism
Consensus perspective in sociology that sees society as based on shared values into which members are socialised.
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Gender
Social and cultural characteristics of men and women.
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Globalisation
Idea that world is becoming increasingly interconnected and barriers are disappearing.
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Hierachy
Organisation or social structure based on a 'pyramid' of senior and junior positions and top-down control.
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Households
A group of people who live together and share things such as meals, bills, facilities or chores, or one person living alone.
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Identity
Individuals sense of self, influenced by socialisation and interactions with others.
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Ideology
Marxist idea meaning a set of beliefs that serves interests of dominant social group by justifying their privileged position.
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Industrialisation
Shift from agricultural economy to one based on factory production.
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Individualism
Belief that individual is more important than the group or community.
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Infant Mortality Rate
Number of infants who die before their first birthday per thousand a year.
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Instrumental Role
Breadwinner or provider role in the family.
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Interactionism
Focuses on small scale interactions between individuals and groups.
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Interpretivists
Focus on how we construct our social worlds through the meanings we create and attach to events, actions and situations.
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Legitimation
Justifying something by making it seem fair and natural.
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Life Course Analysis
Approach focusing on meanings family members give to life events and choices.
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Life Expectancy
How long on average people who are born in a given year can expect to live.
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Living Apart Together (LATs)
Couples who are in significant relationships but not married or cohabiting.
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Macro-level
Theories such as functionalism and Marxism that focus on the large scale.
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Marxism
Sees society as divided into two opposed classes one of which exploits the labour of the other.
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Micro-level
Theories such as interactionism that focus on small-scale, face-to-face interaction.
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Mobility
Movement of change of position.
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Modernism
Modernist perspectives (functionalist, marxists and positivists) believe that society has a fairly clear-cut, predictable structure and that it is possible to gain true and certain scientific knowledge of how society functions.
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Natural Change
Difference between the number of births and the number of deaths in a population.
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Net Migration
Difference between number of immigrants entering country and number of emigrants leaving it.
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New Right
Conservative - Believe in self-reliance and individual choice rather than dependence on state.
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Norms
Social rules, expectations or standards that govern the behaviour expected in particular situations.
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Nuclear Family
Two-generation family of man and women and their dependent children.
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Patriarchy
Ruled by father.
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Positivism
Belief that society is made up of 'social facts' that can be studied scientifically to discover laws of cause and effect.
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Post-Fordism
A type of industrial production.
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Postmoderism
Rejects modernism approach and it beliefs that society is impossible to produce any absolute explanations.
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Privatised Family
Nuclear family whose lifestyle and leisure patterns centre on the home rather than extended family, workmates or wider communities.
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Proletartiat
Working class in capitalist society.
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Pure Relationship
One which exists solely to meet each partner's needs.
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Reconstituted Family
A stepfamily, in which one or both partners has children from a previous relationship.
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Reproduction
Re-creation or continuation of something into furture generations.
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Reserve Army of Labour
Marxist concept describing groups who can be brought into workforce when there is a labour shortage as capitalist economy expands during a boom.
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Role
How someone who occupies a particular status is expected to act.
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Secularisation
Decline of the importance and influence of religion.
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Separatism
Radical feminist idea that women should live independently of men as only way to free themselves from patriarchal oppression.
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Sexism
Prejudice and discrimination on the grounds of sex.
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Sexuality
Sexual orientation, a person's sexual preference.
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Social Action Theories
Sees individuals as having free will and choice and the power to create society through their actions and interactions rather than being shaped by society.
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Social Class
Social groupings or heiarchy based on differences in wealth, income and occupation.
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Social Construction
Where something is created by social processes, rather than occurring naturally.
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Social Control
Means by which society tries to ensure that its members behave as others expect them to.
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Social Policies
Actions, plans and programmes of government bodies to deal with a problem or achieve a goal.
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Socialisation
Process of in which individual learns or internalises the culture of society.
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Stabilisation of Adult Personalities
Function of nuclear family. Place where adults can relax and release tension to enable for them to return to work ready to meet its demands.
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Status
A position in society. Ascribed status is when you are born with and cannot normally change and achieved status occurs when an individuals position is the result of their effort.
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Stereotype
A simplified, one-sided and often negative image of a group or individual which assumes that all members of that group share the same characteristics.
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Stigma
Negative label or mark of disapproval.
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Stratification
Division of society into a hierarchy of unequal groups.
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Stratified Diffusion
Spread of beliefs and practices from one social class to another.
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Structural Theories
See individuals as entirely shaped by the way society is structured or organised.
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Subculture
A group of people within society who share norms, values, beliefs and attitudes that are in some ways different from or opposed to mainstream culture.
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Subjectivity
Bias, lack of objectivity where individual own viewpoints influences their perception or judgement.
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Symmetrical Family
Privatised nuclear family with more equal and joint conjugal roles in which husband participates in domestic labour.
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Underclass
Lowest level of class structure.
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Unit of Consumption
Pre-industrial family, the modern family no longer work together but still consumes together as a single unit or group the incomes that its members earn.
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Unit of Production
Where family members work together as economic producers.
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Urbanisation
Process of change from rural society where most people lives in countryside to urban society where most people live in towns and cities.
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Value Consensus
Agreement among society about what values are important, a shared culture.
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Values
Ideas or beliefs about general principles or goals.
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Welfare State
Government or state takes responsibility for people's well being.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Alienation

Back

When someone feels isolated due to lack of power. Marx says workers are alienated as they are exploited.

Card 3

Front

Birth Rate

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Bourgeoisie

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Childhood

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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