Key Words

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  • Created by: jddisu
  • Created on: 18-12-17 19:35
Urbanisation
the process by which an increasing proportion of a country's population lives in towns and cities. This is caused by natural population growth and migration into urban areas from rural areas.
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Megacity
a city or urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people
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Metacity
a conurbation with more than 20 million people
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Urban growth
an increase in the number of urban dwellers
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Urban sprawl
the spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside
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Decentralisation
the movement of population and industry from the urban centre to outlying areas. This term may encompass the processes of both suburbanisation and counterurbanisation
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Homogenisation
cities become indistinct from one another
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World City
cities which have a great influence on a global scale, their financial status and worldwide commercial power, such as New York, London and Tokyo
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Edge City
A self-contained settlement which has emerged beyond the original city boundary and developed as a city in its own right
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Fortress Landscapes
landscapes designed around security, protection, surveillance and exclusion
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Counter-urbanisation
the movement of people from large urban areas into smaller urban areas or into rural areas, thereby leapfrogging the rural-urban fringe
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Deindustrialisation
the loss of jobs in the manufacturing sector
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Urban resurgence
the regeneration, both economic and structural, of an urban area which has suffered a period of decline initiated by redevelopment schemes and wider social, economic and demographic processes
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Economic inequality
the difference between levels of living standards, income, etc..., across the whole economic distribution
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Urban social exclusion
economic and social problems faced by residents in areas of multiple deprivation
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Poverty
the level of deprivation that does not change over time
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Inequality
differences between people, usually economic, over geographic distribution
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Cultural diversity
the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. Culture can relate to nationality, race, age and traditions
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Diaspora
a large group of people with similar heritage or homeland who have settled elsewhere in the world
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Ghetto
an area of a city where the population is almost exclusively made up of an ethnic or cultural minority. These are often located in the poorer parts of the city, which wealthier residents have left and where unemployment rates are high
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Interculturalism
Interaction and exchange of ideas between different cultural groups
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Urban morphology
the spatial structure and organisation of an urban area
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Bid-rent theory
a transect taken from the CBD to the suburbs where land values fall significantly as the different land users are less reliant on accessibility and are unable to pay higher prices associated with this
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Central Business District (CBD)
this central area contains the major shops, offices and entertainment facilities
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Inner city
an area of old housing and light manufacturing industry
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Gentrification
the buying and renovating of properties often in more run-down areas by wealthier individuals. This is supported by groups such as estate agents and local authorities helping to regenerate inner cities, rather than large organisations
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Postmodernism
the changes that took place in Western society and culture in the late 20th century concerning art and architecture and the departure from the conformity and uniformity of modernism.
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Microclimate
when the weather is different from that of surrounding rural areas in terms of temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, visibility, air quality and wind speed
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Albedo
the reflectivity of a surface. It is the ratio between the amount of incoming isolation and the amount of energy reflected back into the atmosphere. Light surfaces reflect more than dark surfaces and so have a greater albedo
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Particulate air pollution
a form of air pollution caused by the release of particles and noxious gases into the atmosphere. Emissions of particles can occur naturally but they are largely caused by the combustion of fossil fuels
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Photochemical pollution
a form of air pollution that occurs mainly in cities and can be dangerous to health. Exhaust fumes become trapped by temperature inversions and, in the presence of sunlight, low-light ozone forms. It is associated with high-pressure weather systems
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Temperature Inversion
an atmospheric condition in which temperature, unusually, increases with height. As inversions are extremely stable conditions and do not allow convection, they trap pollution in the lower layer of the atmosphere
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Urban heat island
the zone around and above an urban area, which as higher temperatures than the surrounding rural areas
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Channelling
wind redirected from long straight canyon-like streets where there is less friction. There are sometimes referred to as urban canyons.
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Venturi effect
the squeezing of wind into an increasingly narrow gap resulting in a pressure decrease and velocity increase
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Sustainable development
a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come
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Resource recovery
the selective extraction of disposed materials for a specific next use, such as recycling, composting or energy generation
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Recycling
when materials from which the items are made can be reprocessed into new products. This usually occurs in low-and middle-income countries, through an active although usually informal, sector
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Urban mining
the process of recovering compounds and elements from products, buildings and waste which would otherwise be left to decompose in landfills. This creates a greater chance of reducing landfill waste
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Brownfield site
a term used in urban planning to describe land previously used for industrial purposes or some commercial uses
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Dereliction
the state of buildings having been abandoned and become dilapidated
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Greenfield site
an area of undeveloped land
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Land remediation
the removal of pollution or contaminants from the ground, which enables areas of derelict former industrial land to be brought back into commercial use
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

a city or urban agglomeration with a population of more than 10 million people

Back

Megacity

Card 3

Front

a conurbation with more than 20 million people

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

an increase in the number of urban dwellers

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

the spread of an urban area into the surrounding countryside

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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