key terms of Henry VIII's reign

words and definitions that may help with contextual knowledge in any given 30 mark source questions 

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  • Created by: itserin
  • Created on: 20-12-20 00:16
Abbot/Abbess
A man or women risen to head/lead an Abbey. Anne Boleyn favoured Eleanor Carey who was Mary Boleyn’s sister-in-law for the role of Abbess of Wilton Abbey, Wolsey did not.
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Abbey
A name for the buildings occupied by a community of monks or nuns.
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Annates
A tax paid to the Pope. It was the first years’ revenue of a new Bishops’ See (the area or lands of his new jurisdiction).
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Arable farming
Labour intensive farming which produced crops with tools such as ploughs.
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Archbishops
The senior catholic churchmen within a country. The Archbishop of Canterbury was the leading churchman in England.
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Assertio Septum Sacramentorum
(AKA Defence of the Seven Sacraments )
Henry VIII’s somewhat ironic book defending the catholic faith against Martin Luther’s new Protestantism. Written in 1521 when Henry VIII was still happy with Catherine of Aragon.
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Attainder
An act of parliament noting treason. An act of attainder was used to seize the treasonous party’s lands, titles and property.
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Benevolences and Loans
The Kings’ right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies. These funds were raised as and when the King was in particular need for funds.
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Bishops
Regional leaders of the catholic church.
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Bonds and recognizances
Payments made to the King as a guarantee of good behaviour. Henry VII used these to ensure the loyalty. Henry particularly used them against former Yorkists.
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Cannon Law
The law of the church taken from the Bible and used in church courts.
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Catholicism
The Christian religion headed by the Pope in the Papal States of Italy. The main, largely unchallenged form of Western Christianity until Martin Luther and the Protestant reformation.
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Cardinal
Senior churchmen within the catholic church, have the power to elect popes. Can be used as a representative of the Pope in other countries.
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Chivalry
The code of conduct relating to medieval ideas of Knighthood and warfare coming from the French Chevalier. Men in this era would train as knights from the tender age of five and take part in jousts and tournaments as preparation for the ultimate masculine
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Clergy
Member of the catholic church both in Rome and countries outside of the Vatican.
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Collectenea Satis Copiosa
‘The Abundant Collection’ a collection of extracts of legal cases and snippets of history stretching back to the Anglo-Saxon historian Bede but together by Thomas Cranmer and Edward Foxe. Used to argue that Henry had ultimate authority in England and co
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Common land
Land (often owned formally by a local lord, noble or other private owner) used by the local community to graze their animals which was seen as their ‘common right’.
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The commons/ ‘the common sort’
The poorer sort of Tudor England, the labourers both in the countryside and cities. Usually did not own their own land/houses and rented them or were given them by local landowners in return for service in their fields. By the end of the Tudor period they
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Council Learned in the Law
An offshoot of the King’s council concerned with the maintenance of the King’s feudal rights and eventually all the financial matters of the King including the running of his lands. All members of the court had legal training.
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Court of the Star Chamber
Created by Henry VII in 1487 it was responsible for prosecuting anyone who acted in a lawless or rebellious manner. Under Wolsey it became a court of appeals and a vessel for providing justice for the middling and common sorts against higher ranking men.
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Courtly love
Alongside the chivalric skills of battle, noble men and women were also supposed to exhibit chivalric piety and manners. The practise of ‘courtly love’ became popular at courts across Europe. In this ‘game of love’ men and women fawned over each other, sa
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Coverture
Women in this era lived under the system of ‘coverture’. Upon marriage their lands, property and legal status became that of their husbands. Women had no legal status whatsoever after marriage.
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Custom duties
Amounts of money paid to the crown upon items/products entering or leaving England. Tunnage was taxes on exports and poundage taxes on imports.
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Curia
The administrators of the catholic church.
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Divine right of kings
The belief that the king is ordained (put in place) by God and is therefore God’s chosen representative on Earth.
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Dissolution (of the monasteries)
The closing down (and ‘dissolving’) of the Monasteries of England and Ireland by Henry VIII headed on the ground by Thomas Cromwell and his men.
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Ecclesiastical
Relating to church matters or the clergy.
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Enclosure
The practice of placing fences/barriers around fields formerly used as common –land. Sheep would then be placed upon the land making large sums of money for their owner in an era when the main source of wealth in England was wool.
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Excommunicate
To cut off someone from the Catholic church therefore damning them to purgatory/hell.
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Faction and Factionalism
To get ahead at court groups of courtiers would gravitate towards certain powerful nobles and ministers these groups became known as factions and rivalries rose up between the groups.
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Fidei Defensor
‘Defender of the Faith’ the Latin title given by the Pope to Henry VIII for his enthusiastic defence of the Catholic church against Martin Luther in 1521.
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Finishing (of wool)
The final stages of woollen production whence wool was sent abroad to be spun into yarn, cleansed, dyed and turned into cotton.
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Guilds
Guilds were groups of craftsmen or merchants within a locality, they guaranteed standards and prices (all merchants and tradesmen had to join one) and also by their creation stopped women being able to have a trade/independent income.
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Hanseatic League
A league of German towns which dominated trade in the Baltic region of Europe, Henry VII wished to break their hold over English trade.
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Humanism
A cultural movement spread from Italy’s Renaissance. Interested in the teachings of the Classical/Ancient world and the advancement of humanity through education. Desiredius Erasmus was a great Humanist scholar and friend to Henry VII and Henry VIII.
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Imperial kingship
Absolute power over everything in a kingdom. Henry VIII used the precedent of early English Kings who had had complete secular imperium as well as spiritual supremacy.
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Indulgences
A document, sealed with the authority of the Pope, which could be bought to speed a soul through purgatory (a horrible, trying place where souls would be made to wait months, years or decades before entering heaven).
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Laity/Laymen
A term for anyone who had not been trained as a priest or a member of the clergy.
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Magnates
A term describing a member of a noble family (usually a baron) who owned a raft of estates and land and therefore had a large territorial base. With swathes of land underneath them these men effectively
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Monastery
A monastery is the name given to the building or complex of buildings with both the domestic quarters and workplaces of monastics (either monks or nuns) and whether living in communities or alone (hermits).
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Monastic orders
Monastic orders or religious orders lived slightly differently though they were still monks or nuns and lived in what could be called monasteries. Orders could be closed (have absolutely no contact with the outside world) or open such as the Franciscan or
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The ‘middling sort’
Those with some land or a trade. In the cities these men included members of guilds and those with trades, merchants and aldermen (officials who maintained and administrated cities and towns). In the country these men where yeoman – farmers with large amo
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The New World
America had been discovered in the fifteenth-century and it as well as South America and the Caribbean became known as the ‘New World’ in this era. Kings, queens and rulers from the ‘Old World’ looked to discover and colonies areas of the New World in sea
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The Ottomans
The Ottoman empire was ruled by the Ottoman Turks who had been expanding throughout the fifteenth-century. By the time of Henry VIII ottoman expansion was threatening the southern Mediterranean.
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The Papacy
The office held by the Pope as the head of the Catholic Church. The Pope is considered the successor of Saint Peter.
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Papal Bulls
Letters sent from the Pope named for their seal (the bullire or bull).
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Papal Dispensations
A decision by the Pope which allows its recipient to be exempt from certain aspects of Cannon law. Henry VII gained a papal dispensation to marry Elizabeth of York and Henry VIII gained a dispensation to marry Catharine of Aragon who had been married to h
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Papal Legate
A person designated by the Pope to work on his behalf in a country usually for a specific purpose or time span.
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Palatinate
An area of England ruled by a Bishop almost separately from the rest of the kingdom such as Durham.
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Patriarchy
A society by which men (patriarch is Latin for father) lead and women and children are subordinate.
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Patronage
A system through which those who wished to rise above their station would look for the sponsorship and aid of a wealthy or powerful person. The patronage of the Boleyn family allowed for Thomas Cranmer to rise.
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Pilgrimage
The catholic act of visiting a certain site usually associated with a certain Saint. Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon went on pilgrimage to the shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham in Norfolk in the hope of gaining a male heir.
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Praemunire
The act of placing the power of an outside Prince (e.g. the Pope) above allegiance to the ruler of your country. Henry VIII accused Thomas Wolsey of this.
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Primogeniture
The act of inheritance of lands, property or titles to the first born son or nearest male relative.
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Protestantism
Originally a term of insult, protestants inspired by Martin Luther’s 95 theses were said to be protesting against the Catholic church.
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Retaining
The practise through which a noble in possession of a large estate could expect at time of need or at the beckoning of the king to raise an army from the tenants of his estate. These soldiers were known as retainers.
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A See
An episcopal see was the area of a Bishop’s jurisdiction. For instance, the Bishop of London diocese (or see) stretched all over the City of London and into Southwark.
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The Sacraments
The number of sacraments was debated throughout the Reformation. The Catholic church has seven sacraments (actions) which should be covered to attin heaven; baptism, the eucharist, reconciliation (showing penance and confessing), confirmation, marriage, h
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Sacred/Secular
Sacred, the spiritual/religious world or actions. Secular the opposite, secular things are also known as ‘worldly things’.
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Stipend
The payment of the parish to a new priest. The priest lived off of the stipends of his congregation.
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Vernacular
Everyday language. Protestants believed that the Bible should be published in the vernacular, not Latin or Greek so that the people could understand the word of God
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

A name for the buildings occupied by a community of monks or nuns.

Back

Abbey

Card 3

Front

A tax paid to the Pope. It was the first years’ revenue of a new Bishops’ See (the area or lands of his new jurisdiction).

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Labour intensive farming which produced crops with tools such as ploughs.

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

The senior catholic churchmen within a country. The Archbishop of Canterbury was the leading churchman in England.

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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