Key definitions

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  • Created by: Lolly1705
  • Created on: 09-02-18 16:55
Nomenclature
is the naming system for compounds
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Homologous series
is a family of chemicals which all share the same functional group. Each successive member differing be CH2
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Aliphatic hydrocarbon
is a hydrogen with carbon atoms joined together in a straight or branched chains
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Alicyclic hydrocarbon
is a hydrogen with carbon atoms joined in a ring structure
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Aromatic hydrocarbon
contain at least one benzene ring
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Saturated
compounds that have only single bonds
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Unsaturated
organic chemicals contain at least one carbon – carbon double covalent bond
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A functional group
is a group of atoms that is responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of a compound
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General formula
the simplest algebraic formula for a homologous series
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Displayed formula
shows the relative positions of atoms and the bond between them
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Structural formula
provides the minimum detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
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Skeletal formula
a simplified structural formula drawn by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains
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Hydrocarbons
compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms
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Molecular formula
shows he numbers and type of atoms of an element in each compound
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Structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
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Stereoisomers
are organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but having different arrangements of atoms in a space
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Cis-trans isomerism
is a type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C bond are the same
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E/Z isomerism
is a type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation around the double bond- two different groups are attached to both carbon atoms of the C=C double bond
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Reaction mechanisms
are models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction
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Curly arrows
model the flow of electron pairs during reaction mechanisms
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Homolytic fission
happens when each bonding atom receives one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals
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Radicals
are species with one or more unpaired electrons
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Heterolytic fission
happens when one bonding atom receives both electrons form the bonding pair
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Alkanes
are a homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons
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Complete combustion
is oxidising a fuel in a plentiful supply of air
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Incomplete combustion
is oxidising a fuel in a limited supply of air
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Alkenes
are a homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons
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Electrophile
is an electron pair acceptor
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Monomers
are small molecules that are used to make polymers
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Polymers
are macromolecules made from small repeating units
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Repeating unit
is a specific arrangement of atoms that occurs in a structure over and over again
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Biodegradable
materials are affected by the action of microorganisms and environmental conditions, leading to decomposition
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Bioplastic
is a material made from a renewable source that is biodegradable
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Primary alcohol
has the functional group attached to a carbon atom with no more than one alkyl group
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Secondary alcohol
has the functional group attached to a carbon atom with two alkyl groups
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Tertiary alcohol
has the functional group attached to a carbon atom with three alkyl groups
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Reflux
is the constant boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture. This ensures that the reaction goes to completion as fully as possible without losing reactants or products as vapour to the air
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Dehydration
is a chemical reaction in which water molecules are eliminated from an organic compound
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Elimination
is an organic reaction in which one reactant forms two products. Usually a small molecule like water is released
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Primary haloalkane
has the halogen atom on the end of a chain
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Nucleophiles
are electron pair donors
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Nucleophilic substitution
is a chemical reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is exchanged for a nucleophile
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Hydrolysis
is a chemical reaction in which water is a reactant. There are alkali hydrolysis reactions where –OH- is the reacting species
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Ozone layer
is an area of high concentration of ozone, O3. In the stratosphere
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Distillation
is a technique used to separate miscible liquids or solutions
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Separating funnel
is a piece of equipment used to separate immiscible liquids
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Redistillation
is the purification of a liquid using multiple distillations
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Relative isotopic mass
is the mass of an atom of an isotope compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
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Relative atomic mass
is the weighted mean mass of an atom of an element compared with one-twelfth of the mass of an atom of carbon-12
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Amount of substance
is the quantity that has moles as a unit. Chemists use ‘amount of substance’ as a way of counting atoms. A mole is the amount of any substance containing as many particles as there are carbon atoms in exactly 12g of the carbon-12 isotope
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Avogadro constant
is the number of atoms per mole of the carbon-12 isotope
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Molar mass
is the mass per mole of a substance. The units of molar mass are g mol-1
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Molar gas volume
is the volume per mole of a gas. The units of molar volume are dm3 mol-1. At room temperature and pressure, the molar volume is approximately 24.0 dm3 mol-1
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Concentration
of a solution is the amount of solute, in mol, dissolved per 1dm3 (100cm3) of solution
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Standard solution
is a solution of known concentration. Standard solutions are normally used in titrations to determine unknown information about another substance
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Percentage yield
actual amount, in mol, of product/ theoretical amount, in mol, of product x 100
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Atom economy
molecular mass of the desired product/ sum of molecular masses of all products x 100
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Hydrated
refers to a crystalline compound containing water molecules
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Anhydrous
refers to a substance that contains no water molecules
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Water of crystallisation
refers to water molecules that form an essential part of the crystalline structure of a compound
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First ionisation energy
of an element is the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of the gaseous element to form one mole of gaseous 1+ ions
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Disproportionation
is the oxidation and reduction of the same element in a redox reaction
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Activation energy
is the minimum energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reaction
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Enthalpy change of reaction
is the energy change associated with a given reaction
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Enthalpy change of formation
is the energy change that takes place when 1 mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard state under standard conditions
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Enthalpy change of combustion
is the energy change that takes place when 1 mole of a substance is completely combusted
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Enthalpy change of neutralisation
is the energy change associated with the formation of 1 mole of water from a neutralisation reaction
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Calorimetry
is the quantitative study of energy in a chemical reaction
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Specific heat capacity
is the energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 K
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Average bond enthalpy
is the mean energy needed for 1 mole of a given type of gaseous bonds to undergo homolytic fission
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Hess’ law
states that the enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is independent of the route it takes
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Enthalpy cycle
is a pictorial representation showing alternative routes between reactants and products
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Catalyst
is a substance that increases the rate of reaction without being used up during the process
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Boltzmann distribution
is the distribution of energies of molecules at a particular temperature, often shown as a graph
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Homologous series

Back

is a family of chemicals which all share the same functional group. Each successive member differing be CH2

Card 3

Front

Aliphatic hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Alicyclic hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Aromatic hydrocarbon

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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