June 2018 Foundation Paper 1

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Chromosomes are copied during the cell cycle.
Where are chromosomes found?
Nucleus
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What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristics?
Genes
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During mitosis, cells need extra energy.
Which cell structures provide most of this energy?
Mitochondria
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The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.
The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.
Calculate the time taken for mitosis.
60-45= 15 minutes
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Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes.
Cell E divides by mitosis?
How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?
8
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Why is mitosis important in living organisms?
To repair tissues
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What are plants made up of?
Cells, tissues and organs
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Draw one line from each level of organisation to the correct plant part.
Organ- leaf
Tissue- Spongy mesophyll
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Where in a plant would a plant
cell be found?
Palisade mesophyll
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Calculate the length of the chloroplast labelled in Figure 3.
50/8= 6.25 micrometres
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Cells in plant roots don't photosynthesise.
Give one reason why.
Because they have no chloroplasts.
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As a plant grows, new root hair cells are formed from unspecialised cells.
How does an unspecialised cell become a new root hair cell?
Differentiation
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How can scientists clone plants?
Using tissue culture
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Why might scientists want to clone plants?
To protect endangered plants from extinction
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What is the advantage of cloning plants using tissue culture?
Plants can be produced quickly
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The growth medium in Figure 4 helps the plants to grow.
Name on substance in the growth medium.
Glucose
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1.Digestion is the process of breaking
down large food molecules into smaller molecules that are -----.
2.Enzymes help to break down food because they ----- chemical reactions.
3.If the temperature of an enzyme gets too high, t
1. soluble
2. catalyse
3. denatured
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Protease is an enzyme.
Protease breaks down protein.
What is protein broken down into?
Amino acids
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Why is protein needed by the body?
For growth
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Which organ in the human digestive system produces protease?
Stomach
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Describe how you would test a sample of food to show it contains protein and any safety precautions you would take.
Firstly, you need to make sure to wear goggles in order to protect your eyes. Next, add Biuret reagent to food sample. If it contains protein, the solution will turn purple. Then, immediately clean up any spills as Biuret is corrosive.
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Complete the sentence.
Obesity can be caused by a diet high in -----.
Fat
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Complete the sentence.
Obesity is a risk factor for -------.
Type 2 diabetes
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Draw one line from each blood component to its function.
Platelet- Helps the blood to clot
Red blood cell- Transports oxygen around the body
White blood cell- Destroys microorganisms
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Which blood cell in Figure 6 is an artery?
Give one reason for your answer.
B because it has thick walls.
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Suggest why blood flow through the coronary arteries is lower in people with coronary heart disease.
Because their coronary arteries are narrower.
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Blood flow through the coronary arteries in cm3/minute- 250
Calculate the volume of blood flowing through the coronary arteries of person A in 1 hour in dm3.
250 x 60= 15000cm3
15000/1000= 15dm3
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How can coronary heart disease be treated?
By inserting a stent or by using a Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG)
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Give two advantages of using a stent instead of CABG.
Shorter recovery time
No need for a major operation
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Give two advantages of using CABG instead of a stent.
Lower chance of failure
Can treat multiple blockages at one time
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What are aphids?
Aphids are small insects that carry pathogens.
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An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.
After feeding, the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars.
Which part of the plant was the aphid feeding from?
Phloem
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What is the process that transports dissolved sugars around a plant?
Translocation
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Plants infected with aphids have stunted growth.
Explain one way the removal of dissolved sugars from the stem of the plant causes stunted growth.
This means there are less sugars for respiration so less energy is released.
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Most aphids don't have wings when they hatch. After several generations, some aphids hatch which have wings and can fly.
Explain the advantage to the aphid of being able to fly.
Aphids can fly to another plant to get more food.
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The leaves of some plants release oils onto their surface.
Suggest how the production of oil on the surface of a leaf may protect the plant from aphids.
It prevents aphids from attaching to the leaf.
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Give one adaptation that helps the rose plant to defend itself.
Thorns
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Figure 9 shows a plan of a garden containing rose plants.
Plant A has the fungal disease rose black spot.
Which plant in Figure 9 is the fungus likely to spread to first?
Plant C
Reason- Because it's the closest plant to A
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Suggest one way the gardener could reduce the spread of rose black spot to the other plants in the garden.
Use a fungicide
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What is the name of the process in which oxygen enters the skin cells?
Diffusion
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Earthworms have a large surface area to volume ratio.
Suggest why a large surface area to volume ratio is an advantage to an earthworm.
They can absorb more oxygen.
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The earthworm uses enzymes to digest dead plants.
Many plants contain fats or oils.
Which type of enzyme would digest fats?
Lipase
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Earthworms move through the soil.
The movement brings air into the soil.
Dead plants decay faster in soil containing earthworms compared with soil containing
no earthworms.
Explain why.
Because there are more oxygen in soil containing earthworms for more aerobic respiration of microorganisms.
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When earthworms reproduce, a sperm cell from one earthworm fuses with an egg cell
from a different earthworm.
Name the process when an egg cell and a sperm cell fuse.
Fertilisation
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Some types of worm reproduce by a process called fragmentation.
In fragmentation, the worm separates into two or more parts. Each part grows into a
new worm.
What type of reproduction is fragmentation?
Asexual reproduction
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Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea.
What causes these symptoms?
Toxins
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Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the
spread of the bacteria to other people.
By isolating yourself
By not sharing utensils
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In very serious infections of Salmonella, a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill
the bacteria.
What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria?
Antibiotics
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A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a Salmonella infection.
Explain why.
Because their immune system can't function properly and white blood cells cannot kill Salmonella.
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Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be box vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans.
Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella
from chickens to human
By giving chickens antibiotics.
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Which cleaning liquid is the more effective?
Give a reason for your answer.
Cleaning liquid-B
Reason- Have greater reduction in number of bacteria after cleaning in both locations
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What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no
bacteria were growing?
Radius of area with no bacteria growing
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Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the box
results are repeatable.
Repeat the investigation and look to see if the results are similar.
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The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner.
Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm3.
Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which
cleaning liquid to use.
Toxicity
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What is metabolism?
Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions in the cells of the body.
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One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.
Give one other metabolic reaction in cells.
Respiration
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What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 5?
Males have a higher metabolic
rate than females after five
years of age
The mean metabolic rate of
females decreases faster than
males up to 25 years of age
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Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between 5 years and 45 years of age.
Use the equation:
percentage decrease=
decrease in metabolic rate/
original metabolic rate × 100
Give your answer to 3 significant figures
17/53 x 100= 32.1
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Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise.
Use information from Table 6.
Person R hear rate increased more slowly than person S.
Person R heart rate decreased after 5 minutes of exercise than S.
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After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute.
How much time would it take for person S' heart rate to turn to normal?
132-78/12= 4.5 minutes
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A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and non-smokers during exercise.
“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers."
Write an investigation about this.
-two groups of people-smokers and non-smoker
-at least five people in each group
-do same type of exercise
-record heart rate for each person before and after exercise
-calculate increase in heart rate after exercise
-compare the results
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is the name of a section of a chromosome that controls a characteristics?

Back

Genes

Card 3

Front

During mitosis, cells need extra energy.
Which cell structures provide most of this energy?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

The cell cycle in Figure 1 takes two hours in total.
The cell growth stage takes 45 minutes.
Calculate the time taken for mitosis.

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Cell E in Figure 2 contains 8 chromosomes.
Cell E divides by mitosis?
How many chromosomes will each new cell contain?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

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