Jews

?
How many Jews were there in Russia in 1855?
5 million, and since 1736 most had been confined to an area of western Russia, known as the Pale of Settlement.
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During Alexander II's reign, where had anti-Semitism existed?
Among the poorer elements in society who not only hated the Jews because of the Orthodox Church, but also resented their money lending and personal riches.
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What was Alexander II's attitude towards Jews?
He allowed the wealthier, useful Jews to settle anywhere into the Polish revolt frightened him into withdrawing concessions and reducing participation of Jews in town government.
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Give an example of an action carried out by Alexander II which further encouraged anti-Semitism?
Jewish merchants of the First Guild )those paying more than 1,000 roubles in taxes each year) were allowed to trade and reside everywhere in Russia. University graduates has the same right and could enter government service.
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Who, under Alexander III, encouraged anti-Semitism?
Pobedonostev, who used inflammatory slogans such as, 'Beat the Yids - Save Russia'.
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What was Alexander III's attitude towards Jews?
He was anti-Semitic, especially in regards to religion. He wrote, 'we must never forget that the Jews have crucified our master'. He also had political concerns.
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Why did Alexander III have political concerns over Jews?
The right-wing press had helped encourage the belief that Jews had assassinated Alexander II and there was a real fear of Jewish involvement in the growing opposition movements.
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What was Pobedonostev's role?
Head of the Church.
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What was Pobeonostev's belief?
That each nation was based on the land, the family, and the national church, and he ebekved stability was the main purpose of government, causing him to defend Russia against all religious groups.
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Which religious groups did Pobedonostev sought to defend Russia against?
Old Believers, Catholics and Jews.
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What did Pobedonostev see as a strong bulwark of autocracy?
Promoting the rapid expansion of primary education in parish schools with its emphasis on religion.
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What did the Jewish concentration in the Pale result in?
Jewish pogroms from April 1881 in Yelizavetgrad in the Ukraine, as the Pale made them ready targets for anti-Semitic actions.
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What were the immediate cause of the Jewish pogroms?
Because of business completion involving Jews for lucrative railway contracts, and by being encouraged by the Okhrana using the link to Alexander II's assassination to stir up trouble.
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When were the May Laws?
1882
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What were the purpose of the May Laws?
To make life even harder for Jews, adding to the discrimination against them. They effectively condemned the Jews to living in ghettoes in cities and towns.
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What other decree was carried out in 1882?
A decree that decreased the number of Jewish doctors permitted in the Russian amor because doctors possess the rights of army officer, a privilege otherwise unattainable for Jews.
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When were the Jewish pogroms?
1881 to 1884.
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How long did discrimination agains the Jews under Alexander III last?
They were supposedly temporary but were, in practise, constantly revised and retightened.
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How did the government respond to the Jewish pogroms?
It did little to curb violence. They ere slow to act and the 'Holy League' organisation, which was supported by Pobedonostev, helped to coordinate the early attacks, though this was banned in 1882.
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Where else did the pogroms spread to in the Ukraine?
Kiev and Odessa, and then to Warsaw, causing many Jews to flee across the border to western Europe.
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How many major cities were affected by the Jewish pogroms?
16, with Jewish property brunt, shops and businesses destroyed, and many incidences of **** and murder. The main outbreaks continued into 1884, but they were still sporadic after this, such as in Odessa in 1886.
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Give the first term of the May Laws.
Jews are forbidden to settler outside cities and towns of fewer than 10,000 people. Exception is made with regard ti Jewish villages already existed where the Jews are engaged in agriculture.
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Give the second term of the May Laws.
All contracts for the mortgaging and renting of property situated outside cities and towns to a Jew, shall be of no effect.
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Give the third term of the May Laws.
Jews are forbidden to do business on Sundays and Christina holidays, with laws compelling Chritisnas to close their places of business of those days will be applied to Jewish places of business.
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Was Russia multicultural?
Yes, with over 100 different groups. Although the Slavs in Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia accounted for two thirds of the population, the rest were national minorities.
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What took place in 1830?
A Polish rebellion surfaced due to Polish nationalism.
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What took place in the 1840s?
A Finnish language pressure group was set up and local language newspapers were founded in the Baltic regions.
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What did multicultural Russia cause?
A continual challenge to Tsarist autocracy, especially as national minorities wanted to assert their distinctive identities.
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What took place in the Ukraine in the 1840s?
The secret 'Brotherhood of Cyril and Methods' provoked a national consciousness that sought to separate Ukrainian Slavs from their Russian counterparts. This was met by Russian determination to assert their national superiority.
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How did the Muslim population change?
It increased to 10 million by 1900 due to continual imperial expansion into Asia.
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Give examples of national minorities.
Finns, Estonians, Latvians, Ukrainians, Georgians and Catholic Poles.
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What took place with the Finnish people under Alexander II?
Alexander allowed the Finns to have their own diet (parliament) and tried to maintain good relations with the Finnish people.
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How did Alexander II's attitude towards national minorities change?
The period of increased reaction towards the end of his reign saw growing intolerance of national difference on the part of the Tsars ministers, who were keen to reinforce the Tsarist regime.
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What did Alexander II's increased reaction lead to?
This led to the prohibition of the Ukrainian language in publications and perfomances in 1976.
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What was Alexander II's attitude to national minorities during his early years?
He was more concerned with control than racial superiority, and so did not carry out systematic persecutions and used concessions only as a means of keeping control.
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When did a Polish rebellion break out?
1863
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What were the characteristics of the Polish rebellion in 1863?
Alexander sent his own brother to deal with the rebels. More than 200,000 Poles had joined in creating an underground National Government in Poland, and they waged a form of guerrilla warfare agains their imperial masters.
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When were the Polish rebels crushed after fierce fighting?
1864
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What did decrees in 1864 and 1875 allow?
The Latvians and Estonians were allowed revert to Lutheranism, where previously Orthodoxy had been demanded.
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

During Alexander II's reign, where had anti-Semitism existed?

Back

Among the poorer elements in society who not only hated the Jews because of the Orthodox Church, but also resented their money lending and personal riches.

Card 3

Front

What was Alexander II's attitude towards Jews?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Give an example of an action carried out by Alexander II which further encouraged anti-Semitism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Who, under Alexander III, encouraged anti-Semitism?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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