The consistency of a measuring intrument (e.g. a questionnaire or a scale) used to assess the severity of the symptoms of a disorder.
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How can reliability be measured?
Inter-rater and test-retest reliability.
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What was the DSM III (1980) designed for?
To provide a more reliable system for classifying psychiatric disorders.
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What did Carson claim?
He reviewed the DSM III and claimed that it had fixed the problem of inter rater reliability as it was a reliable system which would lead to more agreement over the diagnosis of SZ.
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Why are cognitive screening tests important?
They measure the degree of neurophysiological impairment.
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What did Wilks et al do?
Administered 2 alternate forms of cognitive screening tests to SZ patients over 1-134 days. Found that test-retest reliability was high (0.84).
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Define Validity.
The extent to which a diagnosis represents something that is real and distinct from other disorders and the extent that a classification system measures what it claims to.
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A diagnosis cannot be valid if it is not ___________?
Reliable.
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What is comorbidity?
The extent to which 2 or more conditions co-occur.
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What are psychiatric comorbidities?
Substance abuse, anxiety, depression, etc. Can be common among SZ patients.
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What did Buckley et al estimate?
Comorbid depression occurs in 50% of SZ patients and 47% have a lifetime diagnosis of substance abuse.
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What did Klosterkottor et al find?
Positive symptoms were more useful for diagnosis of SZ than negative, but SZ patients rarely share the same symptoms and there is no evidence to suggest they share the same outcomes.
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What is an issue with inter-rater reliability in the diagnosis of SZ?
Claims of good inter-rater reliability may be exaggerated.
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What did Whaley find?
Inter-rater reliability correlatons in the diagnosis of SZ as low as 0.11.
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What is the main study used for AO2 for reliablity?
Rosenhan
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Which study is supportive of test-retest reliability of SZ being good?
Prescott et al
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What did Bentall et al find?
Only around 20% of patients recover from their previous level of functioning, 40% of patients never fully recover. Suggests little predicitive validity.
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What are the issues with comorbidity?
Other conditions that have an element of mania may be similar to SZ, making it difficult to distinguish between the 2.
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