when psychological research or theory may offer a view that does not represent the experience and behaviour of both men and women
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alpha bias
psychological theories that suggest that there are real and enduring differences between men and women and they typically exaggerate or overestimate the differences between the sexes
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beta bias
theories that ignore or minimise differences between the sexes and this often occurs when female PP are not included in the research process and then it is assumed that findings equally apply to both sexes
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cultural bias
refers to a tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret phenomena through the lens of one's own culture and this is likely to occur when researchers have studied samples of people from one particular culture only
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ethnocentrism
judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture and it may lead to prejudice and discrimination towards other cultures
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etic
looks at behaviour from outside a given culture and tries to describe those behaviours that are universal
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emic
functions from within or inside a certain culture and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture
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free will
the notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces
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hard determinism
implies that free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal or external events beyond our control
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soft determinism
all events, including human behaviour have cause s but behaviour can also be determined by our conscience thinking
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biological determinism
the belief that behaviour is caused by biological influences that we cannot control
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environmental determinism
the belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment
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psychic determinism
the belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control
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heredity
the genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics from one generation to the other
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nature-nurture debate
the question of whether behaviour is determined by nature (inherited and genetic factors) or nurture which is all influences after conception such as experience
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nature
innate and genetic influence usually 0.5 heritability
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nurture
environmental influences such as learning pre and post natal
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epigenetics
it is not nature or nurture, there is a third intervening factor and that it is something in the environment which alters your DNA
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holism
theory that proposes that it only makes sense to study a whole system rather than its constituent parts
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reductionism
theory that argues that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts
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biological reductionism
a form of reductionism which aims to explain social and psychological phenomena at a lower biological level in terms of genes and hormones
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environmental reductionism
a form of reductionism that attempts to explain behaviour in terms of stimulus response links that have been learned through experience
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idiographic approach
an approach that focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour rather than aiming to formulate general laws of behaviour
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nomothetic approach
attempts to study human behaviour through the general principles and universal laws
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
alpha bias
Back
psychological theories that suggest that there are real and enduring differences between men and women and they typically exaggerate or overestimate the differences between the sexes
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