The tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through ones own culture.
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What is Ethnocentrism?
Judging other cultures by the standard / values of ones own, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
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What does it mean by taking an Etic Approach?
Looking at behaviour from the outside of a green culture, explaining behaviours that are universal.
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What does it mean by taking an Emic Approach?
Identifying specific behaviours within / inside cultures.
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What is Free Will?
Where humans make their own choices which are not determined.
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What is Determinism?
Human behaviour that is shaped / controlled by internal / external forces rather than the will to do something.
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What is Soft Determinism?
Where all events have causes but can be by our conscious choices.
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What is Hard Determinism?
Behaviour that is caused by internal / external events beyond our control.
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What is Biological Determinism?
Biological influences.
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What is Environment Determinism?
Environment influences.
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What is Psychic Determinism?
Unconscious influences.
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What is meant by Nature?
Where human characteristics are innate.
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What is meant by Nurture?
Behaviour that is determined by learning experiences and pre / post natal influences.
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What would the Interactionist Approach be?
That both nature and nurture are linked to an extent we should study how they interact and influence one another.
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What 3 types of Interaction did Scarr and McCartney find?
Passive Interaction, Evocative Interaction and Active Interaction.
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What is Passive Interaction?
Parents' genes influence the way they treat their children.
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What is Evocative Interaction?
Childs' gene influence and shape the environment they grow up in.
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What is Active Interaction?
Child creates its own environment through the people and experiences it selects.
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What is Epigenetics?
The change in genetic activity which happens throughout our life, caused by interaction with the environments.
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What is meant by Holism?
It only makes sense to study an individual system rather than its constituent parts.
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What is meant by Reductionism?
Explained by breaking down into smaller constituent parts.
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What is meant by Parsimony?
That a theory should provide the simplest possible explanation.
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What are the Levels of Explanation?
Highest = Cultural and Social Experiments, Medium = Psychological Explanations, Lowest = Biological Explanations.
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What is the Idiographic Approach?
Associated with methods that produce qualitative data, aiming to describe the richness and detail of human experience.
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What is the Nomothetic Approach?
Associated with the scientific method, aiming to study large numbers of people to establish ways people are similar.
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What are Ethical Implications?
The impact psychological research may have in terms of the rights of other people especially participants.
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What is meant by Social Sensitivity?
Studies in which are potential consequences or implications, either directly for participants in the research or for the class of individuals represented.
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Why should Implications be considered in Ethical Implications?
As wider effects of research may give scientific credence to prejudice and discrimination.
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Why should Uses / Public Policy be considered in Ethical Implications?
Findings may be adopted by the government for political ends or to shape public policy.
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Why should Validity be considered in Ethical Implications?
Findings are presented as objective and value free but turn out fraudulent but socially sensitive areas are more up front about their biases and preconceptions.
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
What is Ethnocentrism?
Back
Judging other cultures by the standard / values of ones own, leading to prejudice and discrimination.
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