This means that the conclusions drawn from psychology research can be generalised and applied to all people. However universality is undermined in psychology when studies are biased.
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Alpha Bias
Theories which exaggerate the differences between men and women. Often devaluing women in relation to men.
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Beta Bias
Theories that underestimate the differences between men and women, and assumes that findings apply to both sexes.
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Example of Beta and Alpha Bias.
Beta bias- Asch, Milgram and Zimabardo study, as they only used male participants but generalised their results. Alpha Bias- Freuds Theory, he said that women have a weaker superego than males.
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Androcentrism
This means male-centred. Male behaviour is seen as normal behaviour and so when female behaviour differs its seen as abnormal.
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Essentialism
Suggests that there are gender differences and that these gender differences are inevitable and fixed in nature (biological basis).
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Etic Approach
Human behaviour is studied from outside a particular culture and then generalised and said to be universal.
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Emic Approach
Human behaviour is studied from within a culture and identifies behaviours that are specific to that culture.
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Imposed Etic
Where a theory or concept which is rooted within the personal culture of the researcher is then used to study or explain other cultures.
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Cultural Relativism
The idea that behaviour can only be meaningfully understood within specific cultural contexts.
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Ethnocentrism
Judging other cultures by the standards and values of our own culture.
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Free Will
The idea that humans can make choices of their own volition, which are not determined by biological or external cues.
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Determinism
The idea that humans are not free to make their own choices but that behaviour is determined by genes or the environment.
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Hard Determinism
Behaviour is always determined by genes or the environment. Free will is simply an illusion.
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Soft Determinism
Behaviour is caused by genes or the environment to an extent but we do have some free will to make our own choices.
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Biological Determinism
Behaviour is caused by our biology eg. genes.
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Environmental Determinism
Behaviour is caused by our life experiences.
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Psychic Determinism
Behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we can't control.
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Nature vs Nurture?
It is all about to what extent is our behaviour a product of innate influences/genes (nature) or our environment (nurture).
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Environment
Any influence on behaviour that is non-genectic. This could be
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
Theories which exaggerate the differences between men and women. Often devaluing women in relation to men.
Back
Alpha Bias
Card 3
Front
Theories that underestimate the differences between men and women, and assumes that findings apply to both sexes.
Back
Card 4
Front
Beta bias- Asch, Milgram and Zimabardo study, as they only used male participants but generalised their results. Alpha Bias- Freuds Theory, he said that women have a weaker superego than males.
Back
Card 5
Front
This means male-centred. Male behaviour is seen as normal behaviour and so when female behaviour differs its seen as abnormal.
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