Issues and debates

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What is Universality?
Any underlying characterisitc of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experiences and upbringing. Gender bias and culture bias threaten the universality of findings in psychology
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What is Gender bias?
Bias is a tendency to treat one individual or a group different from others.In the context of gender bias , it offers a view that tends to not justifiably represent women
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What is Androcentrism?
Male centred ; when normal is judged according to male standards meaning that female behaviour is often judged to be abnormal
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What is Alpha bias?
Psychological theories that suggest there are real and enduring differences between men and women. These may enhance or undervalue members of either sex , but typically undervalue females
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What is Beta bias?
Theories that ignore or minimise differences between the sexes
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What is cultural bias ?
Refers to a tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the 'lens' of one's own culture
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What is Ethnocentrism?
Judging other cultures by the standards and values of one's own culture. In its extreme form it is the belief in the superiority of one's own culture which may lead to prejudice and discrimination towards other cultures
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What is Cultural Relativism?
The idea that norms and values , as well as ethics and moral standards , can only be meaningful and understood within specific social and cultural contexts
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What is Free Will?
The notion that humans can make choices and are not determined by biological or external forces.
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What is Determinism?
The view that an individual's behaviour is shaped or controlled by internal or external forces rather than an individual's will to do something
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What is Hard Determinism?
Implies that free will is not possible as our behaviour is always caused by internal or extrnal events beyond our control
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What is Soft Determinism
All events , including human behaviour, have causes , but behaviour can also be determined by our conscious choices in the absence of coercion. in contrast with hard determinism
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What is Biological Determinism?
The belief that behaviour is caused by biological (genetic , hormonal , evolutionary) influences that we cannot control
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What is Environmental Determinism?
The belief that behaviour is caused by features of the environment( such as systems of reward and punishment) that we cannot control
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What is Psychic Determinism ?
The belief that behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts that we cannot control
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What is the nature- nuture debate ?
Concerned with the extent to which aspects of behaviour are a product of inherited or acquired characteristics
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What does Heredity mean in terms of the nature - nuture debate?
The genetic transmission of mental and physical characteristics from one generation to another
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what does environment mean in terms of the nature-nuture debate?
Any influence on human behaviour that is non-genetic . this may range from pre- natal influences in the womb through to cultural and historical influences at a societal level
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What is the Interactionist approach?
The idea that nature and nuture are linked to such an extent that it does not make sense to separate the two , so researchers instead study how they interact and influence each other
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What is holism ?
An argument or theory which proposes that it only makes sense to study an indivisble system rather than itd consituent parts
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What is Reductionism?
The belief that human behaviour is best explained by breaking it down into smaller constituent parts
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What is Biological Reductionism?
A form of reductionism which attempts to explain social and physchological phenomena at a lower biological level (in terms of the action of genes, hormones , etc)
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What is environmental Reductionism?
The attempt to explain all behaviour in terms of stimulus - response links that have been learned through experience
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What is the Idiogrpahic approach?
Derived from the greek 'idios' meaning 'private or personal' . an approach to research that focuses more on the individual case as a means of understanding behaviour rather than aiming to formulate general laws of bheaviour
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What is the Nomothetic approach?
Derived from the Greek 'nomos' meaning 'law'. The nomothetic approach attempts to study human behaviour through the development of general priciples and universal laws
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What are Ethical implications?
The impact that psychological research may have in terms of the rights of other people especially participants. this includes , at a societal level , influencing public policy and / or the way in which certain groups of people are regarded
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What is social sensitivty?
Sieber and stanley (1988) define socially sensitve research as ' studies in which there are potential consequences or implications , either directly for the participants of the research or for the class of individuals represented by the research'
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Bias is a tendency to treat one individual or a group different from others.In the context of gender bias , it offers a view that tends to not justifiably represent women

Back

What is Gender bias?

Card 3

Front

Male centred ; when normal is judged according to male standards meaning that female behaviour is often judged to be abnormal

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Psychological theories that suggest there are real and enduring differences between men and women. These may enhance or undervalue members of either sex , but typically undervalue females

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Theories that ignore or minimise differences between the sexes

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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