Issues and debates

?
Alpha bias
A tendency to exaggerate differences between men and women, resulting in theories devaluing one gender.
1 of 38
Androcentrism
Centred/focused on men, often to the exclusion or neglect of women.
2 of 38
Beta bias
A tendency to ignore or minimise differences between men and women . Tend to ignore questions about womens' lives or assume insights derived from male studies will apply equally well to women.
3 of 38
Gender bias
The differential treatment or representation of men and women based on stereotypes rather than real differences.
4 of 38
Universality
The aim to develop theories that apply to all people, which may include real differences.
5 of 38
Cultural bias
The tendency to judge all people in terms of your own cultural assumptions. This distorts or biases your judgement.
6 of 38
Cultural relativism
The view that behaviour cannot be judged properly unless it is viewed in the context of the culture in which it originates.
7 of 38
Culture
The rules, customs and morals and ways of interacting that bind together members of a society or some other collection of people.
8 of 38
Ethnocentrism
Seeing things from the point of view of ourselves and our social group, evaluating other groups of people using standards and customs of one's own culture.
9 of 38
Determinism
Behaviour is controlled by external or internal factors acting upon the individual.
10 of 38
Free will
Each invididual has the power to make choices about their behaviour.
11 of 38
Hard determinism
The view that all behaviour can be predicted and there is no free will. The two are incompatible.
12 of 38
Soft determinism
A version of determinism that allows for some element of free will.
13 of 38
Environment
Everything that is outside our body, which includes people, events and the physical world.
14 of 38
Heredity
The process by which traits are passed from parents to their offspring, usually referring to genetic inheritance.
15 of 38
Interactionist approach
With reference to the nature-nurture debate, the view that the processes of nature and nurturework together rather than in opposition.
16 of 38
Nature
Behaviour is seen to be a product of innate (biological/genetic) factors.
17 of 38
Nature-nurture
The argument as to whether a person's development is mainly due to their genes or to environmental influences.
18 of 38
Nurture
Behaviour is a product of environmental influences.
19 of 38
Holism
Perceiving the whole experience rather than the individual features and/or relations between them.
20 of 38
Reductionism
An approach that breaks complex phenomena into more simple components.
21 of 38
Idiographic
Focuses on individuals and emphasises uniqueness; favours qualitative methods in research.
22 of 38
Nomothetic
Seeks to formulate general laws of behaviour based on the study of groups and use of statistical (quantitative) techniques. It attempts to summarise the differences between people through generalisation.
23 of 38
Socially sensitive research
Any research that might have direct social consequences for the participants in the research or the group they represent.
24 of 38
Biological determinism
Determined by genetic influences and neural influences.
25 of 38
Environmental determinism
Determined by previous experience through operant and classical conditioning.
26 of 38
Psychic determinism
Adult behaviour is determined by a mix of innate drives and early experience i.e both internal and external forces.
27 of 38
Evolutionary explanations
A characteristic that promotes survival and reproduction will be naturally selected because they are adaptive, thus the genes for that characteristic will be passed to subsequent generations.
28 of 38
Biological reductionism
Reduced to physical level (the action of neurons, neurotransmitters, hormones, etc.)
29 of 38
Environmental reductionism
All behaviour can be explained by simple stimulus-response links. (Relationship between behaviour and events in the environment.)
30 of 38
Experimental reductionism
Reducing complex behaviours to isolated, operationalised variables that can be manipulated and measured to determine causal relationships.
31 of 38
Gestalt psychology
We can only explain by consideration of the whole.
32 of 38
Humanistic psychology
Individual reacts as a organised whole rather than a set of SR links. Lack of a unified identity leads to mental disorder.
33 of 38
Cognitive psychology
The network as a whole behaves differently than the individual parts.
34 of 38
.Equitable treatment
Resources which are vital to the participants' well being, like educational opportunities, are not witheld from one group whilst being available to another.
35 of 38
Privacy
A person's right to control the flow of information about themselves.
36 of 38
Deception
A participant is not told the true aims of a study (e.g. what participation will involve) and thus cannot give truly informed consent.
37 of 38
Confidentiality
Concerns the communication of personal information from one person to another and trust that the information will be protected.
38 of 38

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Androcentrism

Back

Centred/focused on men, often to the exclusion or neglect of women.

Card 3

Front

Beta bias

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Gender bias

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Universality

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Issues and Debates resources »