Introduction To Psychology

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  • Created on: 09-01-20 21:37
______ claimed that knowledge acquisition comes through experience which is structured through innate schema
Kant
1 of 121
the ______ is a bias in impression formation where earlier information has a stronger influence than later information
primacy effect
2 of 121
stereotypes are the ______ aspect of group schemas
cognitive
3 of 121
a ________ is when others expectations about us cause us to behave in a way that confirms those expectations
self-fulfilling prophecy
4 of 121
based on kelley's co-variation theory we evaluate ______ when considering whether x behave like most people
consensus
5 of 121
the ______ is the tendency to consider the cause of other behaviour to be underlying and unchangeable properties of people
fundamental attribution error
6 of 121
the tendency to think that there are more words that begin with 'r' than with 'r' in the third position, is an example of a cognitive shortcut called the ______ heuristic
availability
7 of 121
one component of attitudes is the ____ component, which describes our feelings toward something
affective
8 of 121
_______ can lead to attitude formation, such as when a picture of a lovely home is paired repeatedly with a product so that over time the product becomes likeable
classical conditioning
9 of 121
if we look at whether our confidence ratings and our accuracy match, we are assessing meta cognitive ______
calibration
10 of 121
response accuracy can be regulated by the _____ option, which is providing several alternatives as an asnwer insetad of one
plurality
11 of 121
that we can distingush between tones above 1000HZ, but cells cannot fire at any faster at 1000HZ, is an issue for ______
frequency theory
12 of 121
that we can distinguish between tones below 1000HZ, but no specific place on the basilar membrane is vibrating more than any other at 1000HZ, is an issue for _______
place theory
13 of 121
the _____ is the minimum difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time
difference threshold
14 of 121
the _______ is the minimum value of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time
absolute threshold
15 of 121
those with ________ have only two types of iodopsin
dichromatic colour blindness
16 of 121
those with ______ have only one type of iodopsin
monochromatic colour blindness
17 of 121
when one feels pain, _____ reduces it
endorphins
18 of 121
when one feels pain, ____ produces it
substance p
19 of 121
the place where optic nerve leaves the eye is known as the _____
optic disk
20 of 121
the place where all the information from the eye meets before being rerouted to the thalamus is known as the _____
optic chasm
21 of 121
______ is a chemical contained in the rods and functions mainly in dim light
rhodopsin
22 of 121
_____ is a chemical contained in the cones and functions mainly in bright light
iodopsin
23 of 121
processing for meaning resulting in better long term memory, is ______
deep processing
24 of 121
processing of superficial features, resulting in poor long term memory, is ______
shallow processing
25 of 121
trying to memories a phone number by keeping it active in short term memory is an example of ____ rehersal
maintenance
26 of 121
trying to memorise some information by relating it to information already in the memory is called
elaborative
27 of 121
______ is context specific memory which encodes time and place
episodic memory
28 of 121
_____ is general knowledge about the world
semantic memories
29 of 121
when innocent people confess to committing a crime with external pressure but they believe they are guility, it is a _______ false confession
coerced-internalised
30 of 121
when innocent people confess to committing a crime without external pressure and do not believe they are guilty, it is a ____ false confession
voluntary
31 of 121
______ memory retrieval depends on a set of expectations and it is not a literal re-experiencing of the past
schema-driven
32 of 121
______ memory retrieval is a literal re-experiencing of the past
trace-driven
33 of 121
the approach to psychology that stresses positive growth and self realisation is ________
humanism
34 of 121
the idea of ____ can be traced to maslow
hierarchy of needs
35 of 121
as an object gets closer we move both eyes inward to keep it in focus. The muscle strain associated with this movement is a cue to depth and is known as _____
convergence
36 of 121
when looking at a scene, objects in the front appear to be larger but we automatically scale size according to distance. this is an example of ____
relative size
37 of 121
when looking at a railway, the two tracks appear to converge on the horizon even though they are parallel. this is an example of _____
linear perspective
38 of 121
the ______ illusion manipulates depth cues to suggest that two people of the same size are the same distance from the observer when they are not, which makes one person look larger than the other
ames room illusion
39 of 121
the feeling of moving backward slightly after moving forward for some time then stopping is an example of
motion after effect
40 of 121
the gestault principle of ___ states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on a line or curve
good continuation
41 of 121
contempt is an example of what type of emotion
contempt
42 of 121
damage to the _____ is associated with a problem of recognising facial and vocal emotional expression
orbitofrontal cortex
43 of 121
the ____ suggested that emotional and physiological responses are separate
cannon-bard theory
44 of 121
_____ claimed that some knowledge is innate
descartes
45 of 121
the ____ is a bias in impression formation where negative information has a stronger influence than positive information
negativity bias
46 of 121
discrimination is the ___ aspect of group schemas
behavioural
47 of 121
____ theory states that when others who are similar to us agree with us, it gives us confidence in the validity of our perceptions, attitudes and behaviours
social comparison
48 of 121
based on kelleys covariation theory, we evaluate ___ when considering whether x behaves in this way in all situations or only in specific ones
distinctiveness
49 of 121
the ____ is the tendency to attribute ones success to dispositional characteristics, and failures to situational factors
self serving bias
50 of 121
the tendency to classify something as belonging to a certain category because of its similarity to the typical case is a cognitive shortcut termed the ____ heuristic
representativeness
51 of 121
one component of attitudes is the ____ component, which describes our beliefs about something
cognitive
52 of 121
_____ can lead to attitude formation, such as when repeated listening to a song increases liking of it
mere exposure
53 of 121
if we look at whether our confidence and our accuracy are correlated, we are assessing metacognitive _____
resolution
54 of 121
response accuracy can be regulated by the ____ option, which is witholding answers that you are not confident about
report
55 of 121
the approach for investigating psychological phenomena Wundt adopted was called _____ structuralism
structuralism
56 of 121
the idea of ____ can be traced rogers
client-centred therapy
57 of 121
when looking at an object, having slightly different retinal image for each eye is known as _____
retinal disparity
58 of 121
when driving a car, objects near the car appear to move faster than objects further away. this is an example of _______
motion parallax
59 of 121
when overlooking a natural scene from the top of a mountain, the distant objects seem to be fuzzy. this is an example of _____
aerial perspective
60 of 121
the ______ illusion uses converging parallel lines to suggest that one object is further away than another and appears to be larger when in fact two objects are the same size
ponzo illusion
61 of 121
the feeling of that we are moving on a stationary train when an adjacent train starts to move is an example of _____
induced motion
62 of 121
the gestalt principle of ____ allows you to fill in the gaps of a radio announcer who is competing with a lot of static that cuts out several of his words
closure
63 of 121
pride is an example of what type of emotion
self-conscious emotion
64 of 121
damage to the ____ is associated with a lack of fear responses in typically fearful situations
amygdala
65 of 121
the _____ suggested that particular emotions were experiences following a unique pattern of autonomic arousal
james-lange theory
66 of 121
______ specialised in functionalism
william james
67 of 121
___ and ___ begun the cognitive revolution
ebbinghaus and chonsky
68 of 121
the triad of personality is made up of the ____ , ____ and ____
ID, ego and superego
69 of 121
the psychosexual stages are ____ , ____ , ____ , ____ , ______
oral, anal, phallic, latent and genital
70 of 121
_______ proposed the psychodynamic theory
freud
71 of 121
_____ and ____ were the two main psychologists of the biological revolution
broca and wernicke
72 of 121
the ____ area is within the left frontal lobe and damage causes speech to be slow and lacking fluency
brocas area
73 of 121
the ____ area is within the front temporal lobe, damage causes the use of neoglisms and have trouble understanding
wernickes area
74 of 121
the ______ approach has darwin, dawkins and wilson as the main psychologists
evolutionary
75 of 121
the idea of the difference threshold increased in proportion to the standard is known as ______
Webers law
76 of 121
the _______ theory suggests that the alteration of the firing of hair cells that fire in alteration which in turn sends on a higher frequency to the brain
frequency and volley theory
77 of 121
the _______ suggests that apparent motion is caused by a sucession of flashing images, such as airport lights
phi-phenomenon
78 of 121
________ is a bottom up process of perception that suggests that humans have different feature detectors that are activated cells
feature analysis
79 of 121
______ is a top down process that suggests that holistic interpretations are more important
gestault system
80 of 121
_______ suggests that people are often over confident in their ability of recall
judgement of learning
81 of 121
______ suggests that sometimes making things more complicated makes them more likely to retain in memory
desirable difficulty
82 of 121
the _____ effect is the assumption that a person who possesses some good qualities, has further good qualities
halo effect
83 of 121
a _____ is a mental framework that organises information about attributes and relationships
schema
84 of 121
______ theory suggests that we learn about ourselves by observing how we behave
self perception theory
85 of 121
the ______ is attributing other peoples behaviours to their characters and ones own behaviour to situation
actor-observer effect
86 of 121
the _____is the tendency for people to believe behaviour widely showed
false consensus
87 of 121
the _____ estimates one made by staring with an initial value that is adjusted to reach a value
anchoring and adjusting
88 of 121
_______ suggests that the more effort put into something, the more you like it
effort justification
89 of 121
the ______ is when tension causes us to perceive a difference between attitudes and behaviours
cognitive dissonance
90 of 121
the ______________ suggests that emotions are determined by perception of physiology and cognitive assesment
schachter and singer two factor theory of emotion
91 of 121
a _______ is when an innocent person confesses for own gain such as to get out of police custody
coerced complaint false confession
92 of 121
Echoic memory is important for
comprehension of speech
93 of 121
The trace approach to memory is ___ whereas the schema approach is ____.
passive, active
94 of 121
Memory-as-a-tape-recorder is consistent with the ______ approach to memory?
trace driven memory
95 of 121
State-dependent learning is an example o
encoding specificity principle
96 of 121
In paired-associate learning, the difference between an immediate and a delayed judgement of learning is
There is a delay between presentation of the word pair and the judgement of learning
97 of 121
__________ as the study of how "the thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of individuals are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of definitional others.
social psychology
98 of 121
As we encounter more instances of a category, our schema is likely to become __________ and __________
Less exemplar-based; more prototype-based
99 of 121
Locke as holding which view regarding how knowledge is aquired?
empiricist view
100 of 121
Advertisement that displays a popular actor with the product at a beach is likely aiming to persuade through ________________ route of persuasion
peripheral
101 of 121
Darwin argued that emotional expressions in people and in non-human animals are
inate
102 of 121
Neuroimaging of people experiencing the basic emotions showed
distinct patterns of neurological activity
103 of 121
The delay in reading of content that aimed to evoke emotions affected by Botox paralyzing relates to ____________________
the facial feedback hypothesis
104 of 121
Following a small, reasonable request with a larger, burdensome request is the key feature of the __________ technique
foot in the door technique
105 of 121
You are asked by a volunteer for a local charity to donate £100 to their fundraising effort. When you decline, the same volunteer then asks if you would donate £10 instead. This volunteer is using which of the following tactics?
door in the face technique
106 of 121
Imagine you are asked first to agree to participate in a study and only after you agree you are told that the study takes place at 7 pm and you are expected to not have eaten that day. This is an example for:
low balling
107 of 121
A decrease in effort exerted by a person who is performing a task with others is called
social loafing
108 of 121
Jade therefore concludes that employees at pubs are sexist. This is an example of ________________
illusory correlation
109 of 121
Decartes described how our conscious experience could be an illusion if input from our sense were controlled by a ______
malevolent demon
110 of 121
The behaviourist Skinner and the humanist Rogers debated over the existence of
free will
111 of 121
the behavioural approach stresses ______ while the psychodynamic model emphasises ______
overt behaviour, unconscious processes
112 of 121
An early researcher of memory was
ebbinghaus
113 of 121
Behaviourists believed that studying the internal workings of the mind was not necessary and referred to it as
the black box
114 of 121
Functionalism was a school of thought that originated in
the united states
115 of 121
The first experimental psychology laboratory was established in
late 1800's
116 of 121
The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, which has wavelengths from approximately 400 nanometers to 780 nanometers, is called
visible light
117 of 121
According to trichromatic theory, which of the following is represented by a type of cone in the retina
green
118 of 121
The process by which physical energy is transformed into a form of energy the nervous system can use is called
transduction
119 of 121
As you watch a door opening, the shape projected on your retinas changes drastically, yet you still perceive the door to have the same shape rather than its shape changing. This illustrates the principle of
perceptual constancy
120 of 121
Perception and sensation differ in that
perception involves inferences, whereas sensation doesn't
121 of 121

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

the ______ is a bias in impression formation where earlier information has a stronger influence than later information

Back

primacy effect

Card 3

Front

stereotypes are the ______ aspect of group schemas

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

a ________ is when others expectations about us cause us to behave in a way that confirms those expectations

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

based on kelley's co-variation theory we evaluate ______ when considering whether x behave like most people

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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