Introduction to Language 0.0 / 5 ? PsychologyCognitive PsychologyUniversityNone Created by: The ShrewCreated on: 27-01-16 19:05 Behaviourism No internal representations/ trail and error/ reinforcement 1 of 37 Chomsky Knowledge plus innate constraint 2 of 37 2 types of grammatical rules Prescriptive rules- how language should be used, value judgement/ Descriptive rules- how language is normally used, rules for slang 3 of 37 Grammatical rules ability to process novel grammatical sentences, don't depend on meaning, rules depend on grammatical constituents 4 of 37 Words are symbols arbitrary relationship between form-meaning pairs 5 of 37 Ververt monkeys 3 words- eagle, leopard, snake 6 of 37 Pepperberg Alex the parrot- names ****, can answer questions, expresses desires, each word takes same amount of time to learn 7 of 37 Human lexicons open systems limitless vocab/ fast learning/ fast mapping of new words 8 of 37 Rico the dog 200 German words- can use process of elimination 9 of 37 Compositionality sentence-meaning pairs not arbitrary 10 of 37 Kanzi the bonobo chimp Mother taught lexigram language, never aquired, Kanzi aquired without training, understands spoken english 11 of 37 Does he understand compositionality? can use sentence structure to do novel actions that are reversible/ understands adjective-noun combinations/ can't use social language 12 of 37 Grammatical constituents Set of words that could replace another in a sentence 13 of 37 NP (Noun Phrase)= DET (Determiner) NOUN/ ADJECTIVE NOUN/ PRONOUN 14 of 37 PP (Prespositional Phrase) PREP NP 15 of 37 VP (Verb phrase)= VERB (PP)/ VERB NP (PP) 16 of 37 S (Sentence)= NP VP 17 of 37 Verb subcategorisation Restrictions on structure for each verb 18 of 37 4 verb structures Intransitive/ Transitive VERB NP/ Dative VERB NP NP/ Ungrammatical 19 of 37 Wilson and Garnsey Simple sentences harder to understand when verb bias mismatches structure 20 of 37 Recursion Rules and words are finite- infinite number of sentences 21 of 37 Hockett's 4 design features for language Semanticity/ Arbitrariness/ Discreteness/ Generativity (recursion) 22 of 37 Words and sounds not clearly marked tongue and mouth always moving- must infer units of language 23 of 37 Minimal pairs Two words with different meanings that differ by one phoneme 24 of 37 Larynx Deeper in humans than apes or babies 25 of 37 Two types of morphology Inflectional morphology- doesn't strongly change syntactic category or meaning/ Derivational morphology- can change syntactic category or meaning 26 of 37 Gleason- Wug test Children generalise novel word into plural form 27 of 37 Marcus et al U-shaped curve for irregular verbs 28 of 37 Active/ passive syntax X loves Y/ Y is loved by X 29 of 37 Thematic roles Agent (one doing action)/ Patient (action being done to) 30 of 37 Pidgin Simple language for communication where there's no common language 31 of 37 Creole Pidgin becomes language for next generation- compexity added 32 of 37 Nicaraguan sign language Deaf children in speaking school invent sign language- younger= more complex- innate ability to create language 33 of 37 Dictionary definition theory (classical) Doesn't work for most words 34 of 37 Rosch Prototype theory- average representation- prototype combinations don't work 35 of 37 Pragmatics using language to do things- indirect or polite- literal meaning or implied meaning- autistic ps have trouble 36 of 37 Rules for conversation Gricean Maxims- Quantity (informative)/ Quality (truthful)/ Relation (relavent)/ Manner (clear) 37 of 37
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