introduction to bening and malignant disease

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what is the size of the cell pop determined by
rates of the cell proliferation, differentiation and death by apoptosis
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whoop
whoop
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what is the cell cycle controlled by? and growth can result from what
controlled by chemical factors in the micro environment of the cell- stimulators and inhibitors. growth can result from shortening cell cycle and recruiting cells from resting or quiescent population
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What are the 4 phases in the cell division cycle
G1, S,G2, M
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What is the task of cell division cycle
replicate DNA and segregate the duplicated chromosomal DNA equally to 2 daughter cells
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what happens in G1
cells enter the division cycle in response to growth stimulation- commitment and restriction in G1
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Are terminally differentiated cells capable of replicating?
no. only differentiated cells can. terminally differentiated cannot
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why is hypertrophy
an increase in cell size- physiological and pathological
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what is hyperplasia
an increase in cell number (hormonally sensitive organs like endometrium, breast, thyroid) enlargement of gingival tissues, hyper plastic responses within epithelium and underlying CT
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what is Atrophy
reduction in cell size by loss of cell substance- physiological- thyroglossal duct and pathological like ageing, lack own use/ stimulation- mechanical, functional
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what is hypoplasia
reduced size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size- a developmental size
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what is metaplasia
reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type . can be part of an adaptive response to stress , reprogramming of stem cells
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what is metaplasia
can also affect mesenchymal tissues, not in itself a neoplastic disorder. environmental changes leading to metaplasia may if persistent lead to further changes that can manifest as dysplasia and progress
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continued
progress to malignancy
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which of the conditions listed above are not reversible
hypoplasia
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what is dysplasia
abnormal growth - premalignant process
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what are the different degrees of dysplasia (the pre invasive disease )
mild, moderate and severe
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what does it mean if a disease is not invasive
the abnormal cells remain within the epithelium
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what is neoplasia
new growth . an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli that evoked the change
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where does neoplasia result from
aberration of the normal mechanisms that control cell number for example: cell production by cell division, cell loss by apoptosis
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what does it mean that most tumours are monoclonal
all the cells in tumour appear to arise from one parent cell which has undergone a genetic change. this is then passed on to all the progeny
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what do tumour cells lack and what does this cause
tumour cells lack the normal control mechanisms thus the clone expands due to uncontrolled proliferation
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what is the behaviour classification of tumours
benign and malignant
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benign tumours: talk about 1growth pattern, 2growth rate, 3clinical effects and 4treatment
1. expand and remain localised. typically well circumscribed, often encapsulated. 2 slower 3. local pressure effects: hormone secretions 4. local excision
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bening tumours: 1histology, 2nuclei, 3mitoses
1. resembles tissue of origin 2. small, regular, uniform3. few normal
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malignant tumours : 1growth pattern 2. growth rate 3. clinical effects 4. treatment
1. infiltrate locally, metastasize- spread to distant sites)2. faster 3. local pressure and destruction, inappropriate hormone secretion. distant metastases 4.excision and additional therapy
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malignant tumours: 1. histology 2. nuclei 3. mitoses
1. variable, many differ from tissue of origin 2. larger, pleomorphic3. increased, often numerous abnormal forms
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how can tumours be further classified
according to the cell type they resemble - their differention. most tumours resemble to some extent the tissue from which they arise
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what are bening/malignant tumours on covering epithelia / glandular epithelia called
covering epithelia- B: Papilloma M: carcinoma glandular epithelia: B: adenoma M: Adenomacarcinoma
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why does the tumour type matter
Different tumour types behave in different ways. Different benign tumours can behave differently. •Not all malignant tumours are equally malignant
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what is prognosis
prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease. appropriate treatment and estimate survival
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what is the cancer prognosis
Tumour Type Tumour Grade - Histology Tumour Stage - Histology, Clinical, Radiological Other Parameters - Patient - Tumour
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what is the tumour grade
a histological assessment. how well differentiated the tumour cells are. .the more differentiated, the better the prognosis
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what is the tumour staging
anatomical extent of disease- clinical, radiological and pathological findings
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what is the tumour stage system used for most tumours
TNM. T= greatest diameter of tumour, structures invaded. N= regional lymph node status. M: distant metastasis
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