Interventions for reducing offending behaviour

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Prisons arent effective, what is the number of people in prisons?
15-17 year olds in prison – more than doubled in the last 10 years (House of Commons Report (2012)
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How many offenders reoffend?
60%
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Antisocial behaviour act (2003) enabled courts to include what?
include a fostering requirement as part of a supervision order
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When was this used?
Where young people's behaviour was to extent due to their home circumstances and lifestyle
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2010 report: Youth Justice Board
Few of all young people were engaged in education, training or work in the six months prior to conviction, therefore they had lots of unstructured time
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One year after sentence or release from custody, those members of the comparison group, who were living in the community were?
much less likely to be engaged in education or training (30%) than the young people in the IF group (70%)
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How many of the comparison group had began a custodial sentence?
40%
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However, what about sleeping rough?
1 in comparison group and non in the IF group in relation to delinquent peers.
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What was there little change in the IF group?
delinquent peers, with 67% continuing to have some positive relationships with delinquent peers.
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Research on MTFC in the USA reported what?
it was significantly better at reducing delinquent peer association than group care, but this was not the case in our study (Leve and Chamberlain, 2005)
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What are the main conclusions from the 2010 paper?
IF may be better alternative to custody and should continue to be implemented
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Biehal (2012)
1 year after date of entry to IF placement: o Thirty-nine per cent of the IF group were reconvicted compared to 75 per cent of the comparison group. Supports findings of the original study.
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What was the second finding?
One year after the date of exit from IF placements: they were as likely to be reconvicted as the comparison group. The proportion of the IF group who committed recorded offences during this period (74%) identical to CG 75%
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What was difficult to sustain?
it was difficult to sustain positive changes in maladaptive learning and relationships once they were re-exposed to the risk factors in their local environment
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What might have longr lasting affects?
Therapy
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What does multi-systematic therapy focus on?
different aspects of the range of dysfunction (individual or family factors) found in antisocial youths
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Despite many available treatments what have few demonstrated?
sustained effectiveness in the improvement of serious and pervasive antisocial youths (Kazdin, 2000)
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What are the nine MST treatment principles?
finding the fit, focusing on positives and strength, increasing responsibility, present focused, action oriented, targeting sequences, developmentally appropriate, continuous efforrd, evaluation, generalisation
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Farrington and Welsh, 1999
Empirically supported child and adolescent treatments have noted that multisystematic treatment was effective across various replications, problems, therapists and sessions.
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Who does MST target?
individual, family, peer, school, and community factors identified as contributing to and maintaining problematic behavior
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What does the intervention aim to do?
empower parents to facilitate pragmatic changes in the youth’s and the family’s natural environments (home and other community-based settings).
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Recent prevalence statistics from the US, UK and NZ indicate?
Anti-social behaviours manifest in up to 15% of young people (Fergusson, Horwood and Lynskey, 1997)
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What was the average effect of MST?
.55
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MST were functioning better and offending less than?
70% of their counterparts who received alternative treatment or services.
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MST was found to be relatively effective in reducing emotional and behavioural problems in?
individual family members, in improving parent–youth and overall family relations, in decreasing youth aggression toward peers and involvement with deviant peers, and in reducing youth criminality.
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What does follow up data suggest?
treatment effects were sustained for up to 4 years
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MST can actually be applied to what?
other populations of youths rather than just violent or chronic juvenile offenders. Therefore can be applied to youths with substance abuse problems or emotional disturbance
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Curtis et al (2004)
91 studies found,
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What is the inclusion criteria?
has to be MST, strict adherence to principles (Henggeler et al, 1998), random assignment to one or more control groups, clinical sample (with AS beh), pre-treatment and post treatment assessment, stats suitable for meta analysis
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What was Henggeler (2004) finding?
Efficacy studies showed more effect than effectiveness studies
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Efficacy research doesnt include what?
real-world factors (funding, organisation climate)
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Weisz and Kazdin (2003)
‘Treatments that cannot cope with these real world factors may not fare so well in practice, no matter how efficacious they are in well-controlled lab trials’
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Littell, Popa and Forsythe (2005)
Systematic review vs meta-analysis, 1985-2003 search, Youth (age 10-17) with social, emotional, and/or behavioral problems
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What were the results?
No sig effects of MST on the likelihood or duration of restrictive out-of-home placements, proportion of youth who were arrested or convicted, or numbers of arrests/convictions (1 year post-intervention
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What did post treatment data show?
no significant between-group differences on self-reported delinquency, peer relations, youth behavior problems, youth psychiatric symptoms, parent psychiatric symptoms, or family functioning
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What was the conclusion?
There is little evidence of the superiority of MST over other interventions with youth. There is also no evidence that MST has harmful effects’
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Henggeler (2006)
Entire field being discredited on small n included studies
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Empirically supported what?
practices to improve outcomes for youths presenting serious antisocial behavior would be eliminated?
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WHat were the alternatives?
Grim (boot camps, incarceration, residential treatment, zero-tolerance policies, and scared straight programs – Increased offending behavior)
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Why were these criticised?
peer review process which allowed flawed MST outcome studies to be published
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Van der Stouwe et al (2014)
Effect sizes < Curtis et al. study (i.e., small versus moderate) BUT > Littell et al. (i.e., no effect versus small effects).
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Why?
Because non-published, non-randomized, more recent studies added to the analyses in the present study
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What was the quote?
‘There is little evidence of the superiority of MST over other interventions with youth. There is also no evidence that MST has harmful effects’
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CBT
More promising rehabilitative treatments for criminal offenders
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Ranked it in what?
Top tier about effects on recidivism (Lipsey and Wilson, 1998)
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Delivered in?
institutional or community settings by mental health specialists or paraprofessionals, and administered as part of multifaceted program or as a standalone intervention
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Tackles what?
Distorted cognition (self- justificatory thinking, misinterpretation of social cues, displacement of blame, deficient moral reasoning, schemas of dominance and entitlement)
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What does it change?
Change perception of benign situations as threats, demand instant gratification, and confuse wants with
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What does it tackle?
“Tackles “victim stance” with offenders viewing themselves as unfairly blamed
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Lipsey et al (2007)
Positive CBT effects on the recidivism of offenders
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What are the odds of not recidivating?
12 months after intervention for individuals in the treatment group were 1.53 times as great as those for individuals in the control group.
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What was the reduction rate?
From the .40 mean recidivism rate of the control groups to a mean rate of .30 for the treatment groups, a 25% decrease
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What does denial of treatment have?
ethical implications as it can affect the re-categorisation of security levels in prison and parole decisions for offenders
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If prisoners were denied treatment what does that mean?
they were allocated to the non-treatment group this could adversely affect their chances of early release. (Friendship, Blud, Erikson and Travers, 2002)
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Freucht and Holt (2016)
The practices offer mixed evidence on the use of CBT for treating sex offenders, and we found "No Effects" ratings for CBT in preventing domestic violence reoffending.
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COVAID programs (Control of violence and anger in impulsive drinkers)
A series of programmes aimed at reducing violence and anger in impulsive drinkers
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What can the different versions of COVAID programme be delivered as?
group work on a one to one basis, in either secure or community settings.
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What are the programmes aimed at?
Reducing re-offending primarily by young men with a repeated history of violence whilst intoxicated.
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Graham and colleagues (1998)
there is a need for interventions that ‘not only employ standard treatment techniques (e.g. anger management), but also use knowledge of the effects of alcohol and the process of aggression in treating violent individuals’
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McMurran and Cusens (2003)
COVAID is a structured, cognitive behavioural treatment programme, in line with what is known to be effective in offender treatment
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What are COVAID participants less likely to have been reconvicted of?
violent offence at 18 weeks, although this is a short period over which to assess survival and the comparison group was not ideal
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Self-reported aggression and violence was low in?
COVAID participants
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Therefore why can't scores be confidently attributed to COVAID?
offenders were under supervision and hence likely to be heavily penalized for transgression, good behaviour (actual or self-reported
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What were problems with the study?
Too short a follow up time and without an adequate control group to draw any generalisable conclusions
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Small number of pps were used in what?
Only 6 as others dropped out
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How many referrals to COVAID?
17
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What is COVAID a program for and who has access?
opportunity to put the skills they are being taught into practice, and is thus inappropriate for use in secure settings in its present form.
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What could be done?
Adapting COVAID for use in secure settings
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

How many offenders reoffend?

Back

60%

Card 3

Front

Antisocial behaviour act (2003) enabled courts to include what?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

When was this used?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

2010 report: Youth Justice Board

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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