Intergroup relations and Conflict

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What is meant by the term intergroup behaviour?
Any perception, cognition or behaviour that is influenced by people's recognition that they and others are members of distinct social groups is intergroup behaviour
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What is relative deprivation?
Crucial precondition for intergroup aggression is relative deprivation
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What can this be a sense of?
Having less than we feel entitled to
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What is this perceived gap?
Between expectations or entitlements (what ought to be) and attainments (what is)
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What is deprivation?
No absolute but relative to other conditions
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What is the first type of relative deprivation?
Egolatic relative deprivation
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What is this feeling?
That we have less than what we are entitled to
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What is this relative to?
Personal aspirations or to other individuals
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What is fraternalistic relative deprivation?
A sense that our group has less than it is entitled to
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What is this relative to?
Collective aspirations or other groups associated with social unrest
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What is relative deprivation and social unrest?
BErkowitz - intergroup prejudice and discriminatory behviour function of: aversion events, aggressive associations
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What is collective violence?
relative deprivation, fustration, aversive environmental conditions amplifies fustration, individual acts of aggression, individual acts or aggression exacerbated by aggressive stimuli
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Then what happens?
aggression becomes more widespread and assumes role of dominant response
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Then what happens?
aggression spreads rapidly through social facilitation process
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This leads to?
Collective violence
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What factors affecting role of relative deprivation?
Perception of injustic; distributive injustic; procedural injustice, groups that feel relatively deprived unlikely to engage in collective action unless such action considered practical and feasible way of bringing about social change.
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What is another factor affecting role of relative deprivation?
Strong group identification
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What is realistic conflict theory?
Sherif (1966): where groups compete over scarce resourses, intergroup relations become marked by conflict and ethnocentrism arises
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What is ethnocentrism?
evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups
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What are the four phases of Sherif's summer camp studies?
spontaneous friendship formation, ingroup and norm formation, intergroup competition, intergroup cooperation
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What is phase one?
Arrived at camp and engaged in various activities, friendships formed
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What is phase 2?
Camp was divided into groups, friendships split, groups isolated, separate living quaters, daily activities and developed norms and status differences
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What is phase 3?
Introduction of competitive games between the groups, produced competition and intergroup hostility
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what was amlified?
ethnocentric attitudes and behaviourr
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What did majority of intergroup encounter?
degenerated into intergroup hostility
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What deteriorated?
Intergroup relations, two of the experiments concluded at this stage
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What is phase 4?
Groups provided with superordinate goals, goals they both desired but were unable to acheive on their own
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What did the groups do?
They worked together in cooperation
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for example?
Everyone needed to help with the broken down truck
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What did Cooperation between the groups achieve?
Superordinate goal lead to a reduction in intergroup conflict
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What is the realistic conflict theory?
Nature of goals determines relations: mutually exclusive goals between groups --> realistic intergroup conflict and ethnocentrism
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What is the nature of goals determined?
Shared superordinate goals --> cooperation, reduction in conflict
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What is the minimal group paradigm?
Experimental methodology to investigate effect of social categorisation alone on behaviour
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What happened?
Assigned participants to 2 groups, pps knew their own group membership, identify of recipients was unknown, asked to allocate money to others
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What is ingroup favouritism?
Despite no history, no self interest, identify of other members of each group unknown
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What did Billig and Tajfel?
Random allocation to X/Y toss of coin
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What did they eliminate?
pps may infer that people is the same group interpersonally similar to one another because of artist preference
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What did mere allocation to a group produce?
In group favouritism and competitive intergroup behaviour
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What is social identity theory?
Theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorisation, social comparison and the construction of a shared self definition in terms of in group defining properties
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What are social categories?
They provide members with social identity = part of self -concept derived from membership of social groups, positive distinctiveness and self enhancement
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What is realistic conflict theory?
exsistence of super-ordinate goals reduces intergroup hostility and conflict
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However, what are the problems with superordinate goals?
Problem if fail to achieve --> unsuccessful intergroup cooperation may worsen IG relations if failure attributed to out group
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What is the contact hypothesis?
Bringing members of opposing social groups together will improve intergroup relations and reduce prejudice and discrimination
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what are the conditions for contact?
Should be prolonged and involve cooperation activity
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What are unequal status?
Likely to confirm stereotypes and increase prejudice
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What should occur?
within framework of official and instituional support for integration
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

What is relative deprivation?

Back

Crucial precondition for intergroup aggression is relative deprivation

Card 3

Front

What can this be a sense of?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

What is this perceived gap?

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

What is deprivation?

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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