Intelligence

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  • Created by: Lauren
  • Created on: 06-05-14 12:38
Intelligence
ability to acquire knowledge, think and reason effectively and deal adaptively with the environment
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Francis Galton theories
people inherit mental constitutions, normal distribition, First Primitive Test - reaction and sensory, believed importance of nervous system
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Alfred Binet theories
No importance of nervous system, focused on imagery, attention and imagination
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Difference between Binet and Galton
Binet wanted to resolve practical problems rather than supporting a theory
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2 main theories
Intelligence develops with age, rate at which mental competance is gained is a characteristic of a person and thus consistent
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Mental age
age at which a child performs on a task
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IQ
Intelligence quotient, mental age:actual age x 100
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Mean score of IQ test?
100, normal distribution
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale investigates
working memory and fluid reasoning
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Two main approaches
Psychometric, Cognitive
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Psychometric approach main theories
map structure of intellect and discover mental capacities, intellectual abilities are indepedant of each other
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Spearman's two main test factors
G factor (core of intelligence, correlations between tests = 0-1, most 0.3 - 0.7), special abilities required to perform the task
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Thurston
Space, Verbal Comprehension, Word fluency, Number facility, Perceptual speed, rote memory, reasoning
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Crystalised intelligence
previously acquired knowledge, ability to recall from LTM, culturally bound
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Fluid intelligence
novel problems where experiences don't provide solution, working memory, reasoning, logic
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Comparison
Crystalised improves with age then peaks, fluid declines in adulthood
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Carroll's Three-Stratum Model
General (g - factor), Broad (crystalised, fluid, memory), Narrow (70 specific skills)
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Cognitive process approach
specific information-processing and cognitive processes that underlie intellectual ability
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Sternberg's Thriachic Theory
Metacomponents, performance components, knowledge-acquisition components
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Metacomponents
high ordering process used to plan and regulate task performance, basis of fluid intelligence, slow = more intellectual
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Performance components
Crystalised, memory process to perform task, perception and memory mechanisms to carry out plans
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Knowledge-acquisition components
Crystalised, using previous experiences and combine with new insights
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3 classes of adaptive problem solving
Analytical, practical, creative
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Gardner's multiple intelligences
Linguistic, logical-maths, visuospatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic
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What experience did Garnder use?
His observations of how specific human abilities are affected by brain damage
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Critcism of Garnder
Most of his intelligences are actually talents
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Emotional intelligence
Recognise, use emotions with thoughts, understand emotions, manage
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Wechsler Tests
verbal IQ, performance IQ, full scale IQ (both together) and scores for specific skills
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Theory-based intelligence tests (STAT)
measures crystalised by passage reading and fluid by logical problems
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Achievement test
how much someone has already learnt, assumes everyones had the same teaching, predictor of future
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Aptitude test
novel puzzle-like problems, difficult to construct one totally not related to prior learning, not relavent to world situations
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Psychological tests
Measures individual differences related to a psychological concept based on a behaviour in a controlled situation
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Three types of reliabiltity
Test retest, internal consistency (all items should correlate), inter-judge (same results with difference judge)
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Three types of validity
Construct (meausres what it's designed to), Content (items measure skills underlying knowledge), Criterion related (correlation with meaningful criterion measures, predict future outcomes)
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Dearey
Higher intelligence = longer life span, especially in women
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Standardisation
development of norms (test scores from large sample for each age)
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The Flynn Affect
Phenomena that intelligence scores are increasing, IQ increase of 28 since 1910, due to nurtition, technology, learning
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Testing Conditions Two types
Static - do test and gather results, Dynamic - do test, receive feedback and redo test
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Two main approaches of Sternberg's multicultural test
Reasoning problems not tied to a culture (Raven's progressive matrices) and create measures tailored to specific cultures
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Sternberg and Grigorenka argue
heredity and environment contribute to intelligence, interact together, poor environments influence intelligence despite heredity
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Genetic factors
1/2 - 2/3 accountable for IQ vriation, similar genes = similar IQ
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Environmental factors
1/3 - 1/2 accountable for IQ variation, The Flynn Effect
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Environment and disability causes
Biological/Genetic = 28% of cases, profound impairments likely to be genetic (diseases, drugs from mother, undetectable environmental causes)
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outcome bias
the extent that a test underestimates a person's true intellectual ability
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predictive bias
a situation that occurs if a test successfully predicts criterion measures, such as job and school performance, for some groups but not others
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factor analysis
large number of measures to a small number of clusters, each cluster containing variables that correlate with each other
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eminent people are successful because
ability to engage in problem solving, motivation/dedication/determination to obtain highest level, high general intelligence
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Examples of index scales
verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory
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When is dynamic testing useful?
Useful when testing people from other cultures who are not accustomed to taking Western-style cultures
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

people inherit mental constitutions, normal distribition, First Primitive Test - reaction and sensory, believed importance of nervous system

Back

Francis Galton theories

Card 3

Front

No importance of nervous system, focused on imagery, attention and imagination

Back

Preview of the back of card 3

Card 4

Front

Binet wanted to resolve practical problems rather than supporting a theory

Back

Preview of the back of card 4

Card 5

Front

Intelligence develops with age, rate at which mental competance is gained is a characteristic of a person and thus consistent

Back

Preview of the back of card 5
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