Intelligence and Personality

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Who has larger brain size? Who has thicker cortices?
Males, Females - but both score the same on tests (male had small advantage on general IQ and reaction times)
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Why does intelligence matter?
As we grow up we need to learn words and how to do things - interact with people. Perception of one's abilities - girl's can't do as much as boys
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What is an implicit theory?
theories by lay people (not experts in that particular field) - these people may be informed by stereotypes and judgements
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What is an explicit theory?
theories by experts in the field - more scientific - more likely to be accurate, however they are still debated
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what are some implicit theories of intelligence in western cultures
Value contextual intelligence. Practical and problem-solving, have verbal ability and social competence - should adapt well to environment and have fluid thoughts
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What are some implicit theories of intelligence in eastern cultures?
Confucius (Confusianism) and Lao Tze (Taoism) - problem solving is seen in more social and cognitive terms - draw on traditional wisdom (prayer, listening to family and friends) - classify themselves harmoniously
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Sternberg and Yang
Interpersonal relationships (relating with others), intrapersonal relationships (awareness of the meaning and purpose of life) and interpersonal self-effacement (not boasting about mental abilities)
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Moderates of Implicit theories
Age - what is considered smart at the age of 5 is not at the age of 20
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Siegler and Richards
creativity is not a necessary part of intelligence until the child is ten. At 6 months old, saying one word is considered smart.
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Yussen and Kane
Children believed social ability was more important to intelligence than adults did. Children thought you had to be smart at everything (not just smart at one thing ie math). Children thought you were born smart rather than learn it (is that true?)
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Theories from relative experts
Sternberg found professors of business, art and philosophy were bias towards their own intelligence - people have a self-serving bias. Dunning et al - we create models of excellence in our own image.
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Explicit theories of intelligence
Experts tend to agree on what the definition of intelligence is - all say something along lines of act purposefully, think rationally and deal effectively with the environment. Solving problems and measuring this with intelligence tests.
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When would you use the prototype perspective?
When there is disagreement on what is an important measure of intelligence
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Snyder and Rothman
experts largely agree on what is a good prototype: abstract thinking or reasoning, problem solving ability, capacity to acquire knowledge. Agree less on creativity, musical ability
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Phrenology
Skull map. Phrenology was a pseudoscientific frad that flourished in the 1800s. - Traits and types are associated with overgrown bits on the outside of the brain, which led to swellings in the skull. (popularized the idea of self-esteem)
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Aristotle's theory of intelligence
Passive intellect is gathering information via your senses and is an unconscious process. Active intellect, is how we make sense of that information and is a conscious process.
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Galton's theory of intelligence
Intelligence is genetic. Galton had a passion for statistical analysis - set up lab to test hearing, sight etc - tested nearly 10,000 people
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Binet and Simon
Distinguishing between school children with special needs and those without. Made 30 tasks (each increasing in difficulty) that were relevant to everyday life.
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Binet-Simon Scale
How intelligent you are in comparison to your chronological age
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Stern
chronological age divided by mental age = if > 1 you are more intelligent than average, is < 1, you are less intelligent than average. Multiply this by 100 and round off = IQ
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Terman
Created Stanford-Binet test. Goddard - testing feeble-mindedness in children and immigrants to the US. IQ > 51-70 = moron, 26-50 = imbecile, 0-25 = idiot
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Yerkes
Yerkes-Dodson Law - army recruit intelligence tests. Alpha test = arithmetic, verbal analogies and general knowledge. Beta test = puzzles. P's given letter grades for intelligence.
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Spearman
General intelligence (G). Correlation between intelligence - factor analysis - positive correlation he called a positive manifold - there are many specific abilities but these are all part of general intelligence = Two factor theory of intelligence
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Wechsler
New IQ- WAIS & WISC. New computational method. Doesn't compare different ages > found bell shaped curve for each age, used z-score to expressm mean = 100, SD= 15, normal IQ = 85-115
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What percentage of people qualify for mensa?
top 2%
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What does WAIS and WISC stand for? What ages are in both of these?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - WAIS = 16 +
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How many general, sub-factors and tests for each are in the WAIS and WISC?
1 general factor, 4 sub-factors, a few tests for each
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Who are morons, imbeciles and idiots? Who said this?
bottom 2% - Goddard
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Raven
Isolate core of intelligence - Ravens progressive (harder as you go along) matrices scale - have to fill in the blanks of a puzzle in a multiple choice way - 2x2 matrix problems, 3x3 matrix problems, 2x1 matrix problems
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Thurnstone
Counteract Spearman. Doesn't believe in general core - Separate mental abilities: memory, numerical ability, perceptual speed, reasoning, spatial ability, word fluency, verbal comprehension
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How do you know there is no general core of intelligence?
In some groups they had the same overall intelligence but different scores on each task
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Arguments against Thurnstone
People who do well on one test do tend to do better on the others.
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R. B. Cattell
General core should be split into two. Crystallized Intelligence (gC) - knowledge and skills you develop through culture, and Fluid Intelligence (gF) - ability to understand abstract relationships - this declines from 20 onwards
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Guilford
Doesn't accept general core. 5 operations x 5 contents x 6 products = 150 types of abilities
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Vernon
Levels in between specific intelligence and general intelligence. Under general intelligence = v:ed (verbal, numerical and educational), k:m (spatial, practical, mechanical and physical). Minor groups = spelling & grammer, dancing &tool-use
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Cattell, Horn and Carroll - CHC
Factor Analysis with lots of tests. Carroll's Three Stratum Model - General intelligence = Stratum 3, 8 primary sub-factors = Stratum 2, 59 or so specific abilities = Stratum 1
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Gardner
Doesn't accept core. 7 intelligences: Linguistics, Logical-Mathematical, Spatial, Musical, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal (emotional intelligence), Intrapersonal (personal wisdom). Recently added two more: Naturalist & Existentialist (God).
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Counterarguments of Gardner
Not a lot of evidence for this theory . However, in brain damage cases specific abilities have preserved even if general intelligence has gone. Idiot savants = good at math but nothing else.
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Sternberg
Triarchic theory or intelligence: Analytical - internal mechanisms - traditional intelligence, Practical - application in the real world/adapting to the environment, Creative - making new things
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What is the psychometric approach to intelligence? What tests are used to measure intelligence?
'Mind-measuring' - measuring levels of ability. Tests used : Stanford-Binet, Wechsler Scales, Woodcock-Jones
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Cognitive Approach to Intelligence
More direct - looks at brain size and elementary cognitive tasks
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Does brain size mean smarter people?
Yes. As babies grow into adults they become smarter. Larger animals are smarter than smaller ones. R=.24 = brain has got bigger as we have evolved.
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Elementary Cognitive Tasks
Smart people = quick-witted. Dumb people = slow. Do some brains send signals faster? Inspection time, Reaction time (simple or choice), evoked potentials - EEG blip in response to stimulus
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Neuropsychology
Whether different abilities and intelligence are localized in different areas of the brain
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Luria - right and left hemispheres
right hemisphere is spacial relations and unconscious processing, left hemisphere is only language and conscious processing.
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Sacks
The Man who mistook his wife for a hat - clinical syndromes that target specific areas of the brain - could accurately copy objects and describe them but couldn't name them
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Broca's area
lose the ability for speech, you stutter and struggle to get words out, however you know what you wanted to say
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Wernicke's area
can produce speech that is fluent but it does not make sense/is meaningless
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Luria - simultaneous and sequential processing
Simultaneous processing = compare and integrate lots of information. Sequential processing = information in order, planning.
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The mind of the mnemonist (Luria)
had amazing memory, never forgot anything
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The man with a shattered world (Luria)
damaged most of brain other than frontal lobes (gun shot) - he struggled a lot with memory
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What makes a good intelligence test?
Variety of tasks (longer test covers more ground), more g loaded - Standardized administration (reduce unwanted variation) - Practical Considerations, children get distracted, people get tired - Norm Referencing, compared to your age - Validity
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What does validity mean?
measures what it says it measures
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What is the best intelligence test?
IQ - criminals actually do have a lower IQ
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Do motivation and luck influence IQ scores?
Yes - ability x drive x good luck - you may be smart but fail because you don't have the drive or motivation
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Terman's Termites
high IQ people - Terman had high hopes for them but they didn't all do well in life. Chris Langan - IQ was off the charts but he spent most of his life as a bouncer - won the lottery and turned things around - poor social skills, deprived upbringing
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Gladwell
Practice makes perfect - if you practise something for 10,000 hours you will be perfect at it (does practice not come from drive?)
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The Flynn Effect
Flynn notices new generation always do better than the last - 10-15 per generation (implies higher intelligence). This hasn't been on school tests, ones such as ravens matrices).
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Flynns Interpretations of the Flynn Effect
1. The environment changes IQ (that could not have been genetics) 2. IQ cannot be taken that seriously 3. Complexity of Western Culture - far more cognitive stimulation - phones, tv plots - smarter on one type of intelligence
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Other interpretations of the Flynn Effect
1. Nutrition- people taller & fatter, brains bigger too. Supplementing diets in Africa increased IQ. 2. Test-taking sophistication- not true as IQ is rising most where it is least taken 3. Flynn Effect is stopping/reversing- less smart people
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Why does intelligence matter?

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As we grow up we need to learn words and how to do things - interact with people. Perception of one's abilities - girl's can't do as much as boys

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What is an implicit theory?

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What is an explicit theory?

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what are some implicit theories of intelligence in western cultures

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