Intelligence

?
Sir Francis Galton
- eugenics - "nature" vs "nurture" - laid groundwork for modern attempts to examine nature-nurture debate in intelligence, but also for other areas of differential psychology
1 of 49
Heritability of Intelligence
1. Family Studies 2. Twin Studies 3. Adoption Studies
2 of 49
Family Studies
Assess resemblances between family members on characteristic of interest, as a function of their degree of relatedness
3 of 49
Twin Studies
Behaviours are compared across MZ and DZ as a naturally occurring manipulation of shared genetic make up
4 of 49
Adoption Studies
Comparisons drawn between biological parents, adoptive parents and adopted children
5 of 49
Estimates of IQ heritability
- Considerable variation within the literature - Conservative estimates around 50% others suggest up to 80% - the age of sample investigated may explain the variation
6 of 49
Heritability of intelligence
1. Representativeness of studies 2. Understanding the genetic influence 3. Assortative mating and impact
7 of 49
Representativeness of studies
atypicality of families
8 of 49
Understanding the genetic influence
- not as single gene that predicts intelligence - as yet to fully understand how different combinations of genes interact to produce intellectual abilities
9 of 49
Assortative mating and impact
- Impact on genetic variance and estimates of heritability - Positive vs. negative assortative mating
10 of 49
Assortative mating
a tendency to mate with those who are similar to ourselves
11 of 49
Similarities
- height and weight - age - socio-economic status - geographical proximity - personality characteristics - physical attributes - religious beliefs - education - ethnicity
12 of 49
Watson et al (2004)
- newlyweds (n = 291 couples) - strong similarities for age, religious beliefs and political orientation - moderate similarities for level of education and verbal intelligence - limited similarity in personality, emotional experiences and attachment
13 of 49
Perinatal Nutrition
Breastfeeding and IQ - Oddy et al (2004): 6 point IQ difference between children who were breast fed for > 6mo. compared with
14 of 49
Substance Exposure
- Fetal alcohol syndrome linked to cognitive deficits (Mattson & Riley; 1998) - Links between maternal smoking and IQ scores in 18 year old males (Mortensen et al, 2005)
15 of 49
Prematurity and birth weight
- Links between prematurity, low birth weight and IQ - Very low birth weight infants show low IQ scores later in life; sever or permanent intellectual deficits
16 of 49
Breslau (1994)
gradient between birth weight and deficits in IQ at age 6
17 of 49
Emotional intelligence
- ability to understand own emotions and those around you - distinguish between different emotions - use information to guide thinking and actions
18 of 49
Related concepts
- emotional competency - emotional creativity - alexithymia - empathy
19 of 49
History of emotional intelligence
originally developed from social intelligence (Thorndike, 120; 37) - "the ability to act wisely in human relations" - intelligence often operates within a social domain
20 of 49
Why emotional intelligence
Mayer and Salovey (1990) is intelligence an appropriate metaphor? - distinguishing betwen personality traits and intelligence
21 of 49
Intelligence
involves series of mental abilities
22 of 49
traits
behavioural preferences, as opposed to abilities
23 of 49
Perceiving emotions: facial
- deficits in social interactions are related to difficulties in processing facial emotions (and in accurately interpreting the emotional state of others) - implicated in depression, alcoholism, SZ, autism, eating disorders
24 of 49
difficulties in facial emotion processing are specific
e.g. bipolar patients overestimated presence of anger in comparison to controls (McClure, 2003) - anxious individuals more likely to perceive negative emotions as threatening...but more attune to fear facial expressions (Surcellini, 2006)
25 of 49
original theory of EI
- linking emotional intelligence to brain functions and regions - limbic system: involved in the experience of emotions - amygdala: fight-or-flight - EI is development of our ability to control basic emotions such as fight or flight
26 of 49
Five components of EI (Goleman, 1995)
1. Self awareness 2. Self-regulation 3. Motivation 4. Empathy 5. Social skills
27 of 49
Assessment of EI: Ability Measures
- Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (Mayer et al., 2002)
28 of 49
Mixed Measures
-Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory (Bar-On, 1997 - Emotional intelligence scale (EIS; Schutte et al., 1998) - Goleman’s Emotional Competence Inventory (ECI; Goleman & Boyatzis 2005) - Schutte et al., (2007) & Martins et al., (2010). Explored the
29 of 49
Importance of EI: Positive benefits in workplace
correlated with job performance (Rozell et al, 2006)
30 of 49
Education
- Downey et al., (2008); Parker et al., (2004). EI correlated with higher levels of academic achievement - Mavroveli & Sanchez-Ruiz (2011) EI correlated with pro-social behaviour and reduced bullying behaviours.
31 of 49
Predictive Validity
Qualter et al., (2012). Ability emotional intelligence (measured in year 7) moderated the effect of cognitive ability on subsequent year 11 exam success
32 of 49
Sex Differences in EI
Goleman theorised differences in EI between men and women - Mayer's test of ability: women
33 of 49
Creativity
"Divergent Thinking" - divergent thinking tests: quantity and the quality (originality) of ideas produced in response to a problem - inventiveness and imagination - creative potential vs realisation
34 of 49
4P's of Creativity (Runco, 2004)
1. Person 2. Process 3. Press 4. Product
35 of 49
Person
research focussing on the personal characteristics of creativity
36 of 49
Process
cognitive processes underpinning the creative process
37 of 49
Press
Environment influences
38 of 49
Product
outcome of creativity process
39 of 49
Islands of Exceptional Abilities
- savants (low overall IQ) can exhibit what would be perceived as highly creative abilities or islands of intelligence - Young & Nettleback (1995) case of TR, musical savant (able to playback music after just one hearing, poor performance on IQ tests
40 of 49
"No great genius was without a mixture of insanity"
Aristotle
41 of 49
Creativity and Mental Illness
Vincent Van Gogh (1853-1890), Stephen Fry, Robbie Williams
42 of 49
Evidence
- Kyaga et al (2013) Bipolar disorder more common among creative professions - Sylvia Plath effect
43 of 49
Wisdom
Common sense, good judgement, unique perspective and the insight of generations
44 of 49
Wisdom, Old Age and Spirituality
- Not just function of ageing, only those who successfully use their life experience optimally will acquire wisdom - religious traditions and perceptions of spirituality considered characteristic
45 of 49
Baltes and Smith (1992)
wise older people are more likely to age successfully
46 of 49
Jeste (2010)
advanced cognitive and emotional development, driven by previous experiences
47 of 49
Wisdom and Intelligence - Meeks and Jeste (2009)
- overlap in brain regions involved in intelligence and wisdom - prefrontal cortex: emotion regulation, decision making; regulated by limbic and striatal regions - links with practical application of knowledge
48 of 49
Sternberg et al (2001)
- scores on practical intelligence were unrelated to measures of academic achievement in Kenyan schoolchildren - academic and practical intelligence can develop independently
49 of 49

Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

Heritability of Intelligence

Back

1. Family Studies 2. Twin Studies 3. Adoption Studies

Card 3

Front

Family Studies

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

Twin Studies

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Adoption Studies

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
View more cards

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Personality resources »