what type of people is instrumental conditioning likely to be impaired in?
those with psychological disorders
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what is successful for adaptation in a changing environment?
prediction and control - it depends on current motivations
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what is instrumental conditioning?
those actions whose acquisition and maintenance depend upon the fact that the action is instrumental in causing some outcome (actions and behaviour that change something in the environment)
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explain thorndike's cat box?
cat initially learns through trial and error - eventually through reward
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explain thorndike's law of effect?
when a response is followed by a reinforcer then a stimulus-response connection is strengthened - instrumental behaviour involves learning about responses - behaviour is observable and make appropriate responses to get reward
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definition of stimulus?
something that signals a reinforcer
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definition of response?
what we are measuring - response to stimuli
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definition of reinforcer?
causes strength of association between stimulus and response to change
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what are reinforcers and punishment?
actions that can increase or decrease the likelihood of something
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what are aversive events?
bad events
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what are appetitive events?
good events
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what happens when produce an appetitive event?
positive reinforcement
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what happens when produce an aversive event?
punishment
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what happens when reduce an appetitive event?
omission
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what happens when reduce an aversive event?
negative reinforcement
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what is R?
instrumental response (e.g. lever press)
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what is rf?
reinforcement (e.g. access to food)
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what is Sd?
discriminative stimulus (can be experimental apparatus or discrete stimulus) - animal wont be reinforced if it responds in the absence of Sd
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what is learned in instrumental conditioning?
no encoding of the consequences of the action - it is simply a habitual response triggered by training stimulus - e.g. your drive for hunger will effect how much you respond
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Tolman's cognitive theory?
belief about consequences of action - some association involved and says there is value assigned to the outcome which interacts with expectancy to produce behaviour
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how do you distinguish stimulus-response and cognitive account?
examine effects of changing reward value - train animals to press lever for food and change value of food, if behaviour changes it shows learning
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what is medial prefrontal cortex involved in?
goal-directed behaviour, action control and selection, and ability to learn relationships between actions/outcomes
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what is reinforcer devaluation?
reducing the desirability of a reinforcer reduces the instrumental response for that reinforcer - suggests connection between outcome representation and incentive system can be modified
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what are the two components of reinforcers?
sensory (taste, texture, appearance) and motivational (satisfies a biological need) - animals can learn sensory info too even if dont need to
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what did Rescorla (1990) find?
thirsty rats if pulled chain (sour water) and lever press (bitter water) both have same motivational effects but differ in sensory properties - when paired with LiCl found reduced response with devalued outcome - can use taste to make a response
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
what is successful for adaptation in a changing environment?
Back
prediction and control - it depends on current motivations
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