Inheritance, variation and evolution

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who is the father of genetics
Gregor Mendel
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what is a phenotype
the physical appearance of the genes
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what does a gene do
controls a characteristic
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what is an allele
different forms of a gene
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what is a genotype
the alleles for a gene
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what does recessive mean
allele must be on both chromosomes
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what does dominant mean
characteristics expressed even if present on one chromosome
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how do you work out the probability of each phenotype that the offspring could inherit
using a punnet square
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what does homozygous
two identical alleles for a characteristics
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what does heterozygous
two different alleles for a characteristics
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what is a clone
an organism or cell, or group of organisms or cells, produced asexually from one ancestor or stock, to which they are genetically identical
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what are sections of DNA called
gene
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what are protiens made out of
amino acids
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what is a genome
it is the entire genetic make up of an organisms
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when was the Human Genome project and what did it discover
in 2003 and it discovered that we have around 21000 genes in our body
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what did the Human Genome Project help us to understand
it helps us to study migration patterns in humans, understand the cause for communicable diseases and searching for genes linked to inherited diseases
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what is an inherited disorder
a genetic disorder passed on from parents
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what type of allele cause Polydactyly
a dominant allele
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how is the condition Polydactyly characterized
with extra finger and toes
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what are the symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis
mucus remains thick and sticky, less air can get into the lungs, breathing difficulties, trap germs and infections, patient cannot break down food does not put on weight easily
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how is Cystic Fibrosis caused
it is caused by a mutation in protein cell membrane which controls the viscosity of mucus
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what type of allele is Cystic Fibrosis
a recessive allele
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what do you call a person who has inherited the recessive allele for a disease, but is not affected
they are a carrier
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what id a mutation
a change in the base sequence; occur all the time, often in non-coding parts of the DNA
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what are the three ways to screen for a genetic disorder
DNA analysis of IVF embryo, DNA analysis of cells from the placenta, DNA analysis of cells found in amniotic fluid
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advantages of screening
money saved by not treating individuals with a disorder who have been aborted or the parents can financially prepare to care for the child, laws are in place to prevent screening for all 'undesirable' conditions, prevent poor quality of life
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disadvantages of screening
screening is expensive, screening for 'designer traits' - problematic and prejudice, embryos have a right to life and cannot give consent
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what is species
a group of organisms with similar characteristics that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
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genotype only characteristics
gender and dimples
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environmental only characteristics
accent and tan
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what is natural selection
occurs when a mixed population of a species is faced with an environmental change, some versions of genes are advantageous and ensure the survival a reproduction of that individual so those genes are passed onto future generations and kept in the pop
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what is selective breeding
is when humans artificially select the animals or plants they want to breed together so that the genes for a desired characteristic can remain in a population
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what is genetic engineering
is a process which involves modifying the genome of an organism by introducing a gene from another organism to give a desired characteristcs
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what is an advantage of GM crops
increased yield and no problems so far
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what is a disadvantage for GM crops
transplanted genes get into other species which affects food chains
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what is an advantage of GM animals
medicines can be mass produced and nutrients can be produced e.g. golden rice
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advantage of genetically modified bacteria
as diabetes is on the rise more drug has to be made to meet the growing demands
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disadvantage of GM bacteria
only works if the bacteria are capable of making human protein
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who is the father of genetics
Gregor Mendel - fascinated with pea plants growing in a garden
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3 conclusions by Gregor Mendel
characteristics are determines by hereditary units, these units are passed on unchanged from both parents, units can be dominant or recessive and if both are inherited together, the dominant unit is expressed
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what is a clone
a individual produced asexually and is gentically identical to the parent
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how to make clones
take cuttings from the plant or tissue cloning
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how to make clone from cuttings
take cuttings from the plant - then put it into hormone rooting powder (auxin) - then it will grow into a mature - one plant from one cutting
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how to make clones from tissue cultures
few cells scraped off tissue - put into a growth medium with auxin and nutrients - cells and tissue divide by mitosis and differentiate -they are put into composte and many clones are made - sterile conditons
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how to make clones from embryo cloning
used by livestock breeders - animal given fertility hormones - fertilize eggs from the womb with sperm - then you wash out the embryo from womb - embryos split into individual cells - these then split by mitosis- then implanted into another cow
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how to form clones from adult cell cloning
you take the prize animal - take any cell from their body - take out the nucleus from the cell and bin the cell - then you take and egg cell from a female animal - then you implant the nucleus with use of electricity - egg cell will start to divide
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disadvantages of adult cell cloning
expensive and low success rate
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disadvantage of cloning
no variation and if a new disease came no one has resistance
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what does evolution mean
the change in the inherited characteristics of a population over time
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what is speciation
the formation of new species
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fiches practice exam questions
variation in the beak - being isolated on the islands changed the food that was available on each island - best adapted beak - -survival - reproduced passed on beak shape - many generations later if different birds cant produce fertile offspring .
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

what is a phenotype

Back

the physical appearance of the genes

Card 3

Front

what does a gene do

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

what is an allele

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

what is a genotype

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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