A chemical that all of the genetic material in a cell is made up from
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Chromosome
A long molecule of DNA found in the nucleus that carries genes
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Polymer
A large molecule built from a chain of monomers
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Gene
A small section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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Genome
The entire set if genetic material in an organism
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Nucleotide
A repeating unit in DNA that consists of one sugar molecule, one phosphate molecule and one of four different bases
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Protein
A chain of amino acids that has folded into a unique shape that acts as enzymes and hormones
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Mutation
A random change in an organism's DNA
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Insertions
Where a new base in inserted into the DNA base sequence
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Deletions
Where a random base is deleted from the DNA base sequence
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Substitutions
Where a random base in the DNA sequence is changed to a different base
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Sexual Reproduction
Where genetic information from a male and a female organism is combined to produce offspring which are genetically different to either parent
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Gamete
A sex cell which carries half the number of chromosomes (haploid)
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Fertilisation
When the egg cell and the sperm cell fuse together to form a cell with the full number of chromosomes (diploid)
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Asexual Reproduction
Where the offspring produced is genetically identical to the one parent
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Meiosis
A type of cell division where a cell divides twice to produce four genetically different gametes
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Mitosis
A type of cell division where a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring
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Alleles
An alternative version of a gene
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Homozygous
If an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are the same
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Hetrozygous
If an organism has two alleles for a particular gene that are different
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Genotype
The combination of alleles e.g. Bb or bb
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Phenotype
The characteristics of alleles e.g. blue eyes or brown hair
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Dominant Allele
The allele for the characteristic that's shown by an organism if two different alleles are present
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Recessive Allele
The allele for the characteristic that doesn't appear in an organism if two different alleles are present
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Cystic Fibrosis
A recessive allele and an inherited disorder of the cell membranes that results in the body producing thick sticky mucus in the air passages
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Polydactyly
A dominant allele and an inherited disorder where a baby is born with extra digits
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Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGT)
During IVF when embryos are fertilised in a laboratory where a cell from each cell is removed and analysed, those with healthy alleles are implanted into the mother
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
During pregnancy when a sample of cells from the placenta are analysed, if the embryo is found to have a disorder the parents can decide whether to terminate the pregnancy or not
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Gregor Mendel
He experimented with the characteristics of pea plants such as their height and colour and found that characteristics can be determined by "Hereditary units" (dominant or recessive)
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Other cards in this set
Card 2
Front
A long molecule of DNA found in the nucleus that carries genes
Back
Chromosome
Card 3
Front
A large molecule built from a chain of monomers
Back
Card 4
Front
A small section of DNA that codes for a specific protein
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