Inhalants, GHB

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What are some common abused inhalants?
Nail polish remover, gasoline, fire extinguishers, lab solvent
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What are haloalkanes?
Chloroform
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What is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon?
Toluene
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What is an example of nitrogen compounds?
Amyl nitrite and nitrous oxide
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What is a definition of volatile solvents?
Liquid at room temperature, give off fumes
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What is a definition of aerosols?
Contain solvents
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What are gases?
Can be sniffed/inhaled/sprayed in the mouth all euphoriants
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What happens as a result of acute exposure?
Euphoria, disinhibition, stimulation
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What happens as a result of heavy exposure?
slurred speech, ataxia, lethargy, hallucinations
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What happens as a result of very high doses?
Anaesthaesia, coma
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What are the effects of inhalants?
It can give people hangover afterwards
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What can people experience?
Vomiting and blackouts
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What is there a fatal risk of ?
Heart problems which have been known to kill users the very first time they sniff
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What can squirting gas products do?
Down the throat is a particularly dangerous way o taking the drug. It can make your throat swell so you cant breath and slows down your heart
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What can you risk?
Suffocation if you inhale from a plastic bag over your head
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What can sniffing do?
Seriously affect your judgment and when youre high theres a real danger youll try something reckless
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What can long term abuse of solvents lead to?
Damage the brain liver and kidneys
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How many people have been killed?
64 people
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What is tolerence?
Increased dose required for same effect
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What is withdrawal syndrome?
Nausea, tremor, irritability
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What is damaged?
Myelin sheaths around axons and brain damage
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What are three effects of mode of ingestion?
Hypoxia, sufforcation, frost bite, some of these things flammable or explosive
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Who uses inhalants?
Young people
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How do inhalants produce these effects? What methods are used?
Reinforcing, Funada et al, Mice in place conditioning task, two chambers, one paired with toluene, prefer toluene side
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What is dopamine responsible for?
Dopamine is the substrate of normal reward substrate and is common factor across a broad spectrum of addictive drugs
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What is the mesolimbic pathway?
It is implicated in natural reward and drug abuse
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What is the electrophysiological response of ventral tegmental dopamine neurons?
Some neurons first increased in firing rate and then decreased again with mini=uts of toluene exposure
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What happened to other neurons?
They were inhibited
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How are these effects mediated in the brain?
rapidly absorbed, distributed widely around the brain, especially striatun, thalamus, deep cerebellar nuclei
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Why reinforce?
so the same brain areas are activated in response to toluene as alcohol, cannabis, opiates
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What are the two theories?
Enhance function of GABA and glycine inhibitory receptors, inhibit excitatory NMDA glutamate receptors (like ketamine), similar to alcohol - reduce CNS excitability
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What is GHB closely related to?
GABA
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What is GABA?
an inhibitory neurotransmitter
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What were people trying to do?
Design GABA analogue to use as a CNS depressant for a sedative or anaesthetic
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What is GHB clinically used for?
To treat cataplexy
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Where was it initially sold commerically and what as?
US health food shops as nutritional supplement for body builders to reduce fat and increase muscle
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What is it known as?
Liquid X and Cherry Meth
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What is GHB made from?
1-4 butanediol and y butrolactone (GBL)
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What is the main difference between GABA and GHB?
GHB has a hydroxyle group at both ends whereas GABa has a nitrate group
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What is structurally different between 1-4 butanediol and y butyrolactone?
1-4 butanediol has a ch2 bond
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What are the low dose effects on GHB?
mild euphoria, disinhibition and relaxation
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What are the higher dose effects on GHB?
slurred speech, ataxia, lethargy and dizziness, nausea and vomiting
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What are the causes of overdosing?
Respiratory depression, lack of conscioussness and seizures
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When is their danger?
interaction with alcohol and other drugs/respiratory depression
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What is the evidence for tolerance in use of GHB?
Informal reports from users suggest that they may increase dose - sometimes every 2-4 hours all day and night
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What are the withdrawal symptoms?
Insomnia, anxiety and tremors, at high doses even hallucinations, delirium, agitation and psychosis
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What class are GHB and GBL in?
Class C
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What can possession get?
2 years in prison or a fine
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What are GHB, Ketamine and rohypnol used as?
Club drugs
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What did the mices before in the conditioning experiment?
GHB in least preferred white compartment. Saline injections given in preferred black compartment. At test mice had free access to both compartments
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What about monkeys that were tested?
They didnt give it to themselves more than control substances
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What is hypothesis 2?
there is a specific excitatory GHB receptor
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GHB occurs naturally and there are selective GHB binding sites but where are they distributed?
nonuniformally in the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex
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What is GHB analogue called?
NCS-382 binds to GHB sites and is a selective antagonist at this receptor
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What are the problems for hypothesis 2?
endogenous levels of GHB not behaviourally effective so taking it acts via a different mechanism
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What if GHB's effects were on GHB receptors?
Then all effects of GHB should e blocked by GHB receptor anagonist NCS -382 which they arent
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Why are lipids rapidly absorbed?
They are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream because of their high lipid solubility
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Chloroform

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What is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon?

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Card 4

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What is an example of nitrogen compounds?

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Card 5

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What is a definition of volatile solvents?

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