Influences of developments in religious belief

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  • Created by: kh8031
  • Created on: 24-01-22 08:56
What is Dualism?
The view that humans have a dual nature-body and soul. Whearas the bodu is a material object, the soul is not, since it occupies no volume of space. mental events happen to the soul, physical happen to the body.
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What do hindus believe about reincarnation of the soul?
The body dies, the soul lives on, reborn into a new body.
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What do Buddhists believe about rebirth of the soul?
There is continuity from one life to the next, but that always changes
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What do christians believe about rebirth?
They belive that god ressurects humans from death. the bible teaches that the resurrected body is a body-soul; body and soul are united.
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What is monoism?
The belief that body and mind are on substance, may also lead to other arguments, for example that we live on through what we achieve in this life, or through our children
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What does the soul is pure ego mean?
Ego is the Latin and Greek word for I and many see it as the core of a person. While the brain and body are physical the soul is non-physical. The soul is not governed by physics and so it is free to make decisions and choices. The soul is the spiritual s
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What are the two approaches to what the soul is?
1.The soul is pure ego
2.Body and soul are inseperable
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Is there evidence of an after life?
-Mediums claim it is possible to communicate with the spirit world.
-Near death experiences, people brought back after being declared dead.
-Photographic evidence.
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What do monotheistic traditions argue about the soul?
The physical body cannnot exist without the soul- which is the real self and is non physical, mental and spiritual.
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What does plato believe about immortality of the soul?
Believed that the body belongs to the physical world. The SOUL however belongs to a higher realm where eternal truths, such as justice, love and good-ness endure forever.
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What does plato believe the soul seeks?
argued the soul seeks to free itself from the physical world and go to higher realm of true reality, where it will be able to spend eternity contemplating truth, beauty and goodness
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Plato and the Soul
The Basics
Dualist – we have a physical body and a separate non-physical soul
The soul starts and ends up in the world of the forms, and in between is trapped in the body.
Body and soul are opposite – one makes the other necessary
Soul is eternal and spiritual, body
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Plato and the soul - The importance of the forms
Everything in the universe has a perfect exemplar, called a form. E.g. Form of a table.
All of the forms exist in a realm outside of space and time.
This is where our souls originate from, and where they return when we die.
Because they originate from the
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Plato and the soul - the soul
The soul is pure simplicity, it can’t be broken down into parts like the body can.
However, according to Plato the soul has three qualities:
Reason
Spirit
Desire
For the soul to be in harmony, reason must dominate spirit and desire.
The soul is eternal
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Aristotle and the soul - the basics
Monist – the body and soul are one.
The soul cannot be divided from the body; e.g. if our body is an axe, the soul is the ability to chop.
The soul is the formal cause of the body.
The soul is a description of the essence/properties of the body, not a se
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Aristotle and the soul - The afterlife
The human soul is different to plant and animal souls because we have the ability to reason.
Some believe that Aristotle thought that this ability to reason survived death in some way.
This isn’t to say that our personality or identity survives, rather th
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Descartes and the sould
The soul, the unseen, immaterial part of the human identity, must be the only possible way of seeing the afterlife.
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Descartes the basics
Substance dualist – the body is spatial but non-conscious while the soul is conscious but non-spatial.
Because the body is simply matter (res extensa) it need something to move it, and this is the soul (res cogitans).
The mind influences the body and cont
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Richard dawkins - the basics
Biological materialist
Rejects the soul as a mythological concept.
The notion was invented by ancient people to explain the mysteries of our consciousness – can now be explained by science.
Genetics (and psychology?) provide answers to how our personality
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Dawkins - soul 1
The soul is a separate entity from our body which contains are personality
Rejected by Dawkins – “Probably within the next century, soul one will finally be killed [by scientific understanding]”
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Dawkins - soul 2
Intellectual/spiritual power that holds deep feeling and sensitivity – not separate from the body.
Accepted by Dawkins
Argues that death should not be feared as to some end we live on through passing on our DNA.
Our death is just the end of our consciousn
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Bertrand russell
Atheist author of “Why I am not a Christian”
It is very unlikely that we survive death.
For if we wanted to survive death meaningfully all of our memories and habits would have to come with us.
“Our memories and habits are bound up within the structure of
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John Hick - His background
Christian philosopher
Contributed most significantly to:
Eschatological verification – religious language can be verified as true post-mortem.
The world is a “vale of soul-making” – Hick argues for the Irenaean theodicy that the world contains evil in ord
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What is john hicks replica theory?
Supported by St Paul in 1 Corinthians & Irenaeus
Aimed to show that life after death doesn’t depend on a platonic understanding of soul
Hick describes this world as “Not situated at any distance or any direction from the objects in our present world, alth
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What are the positives of the replica theory
Supported (to a certain extent) by Vardy
Vardy types some comments onto a student’s essay, saves the file then prints a copy for the student. Vardy can then print a second copy in every way identical to the original, only on a different piece of paper.
In
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What are the negatives of the replica theory?
Is an exact replica really the same as the original person?
A replica would be a completely new biological organism.
There is a break in continuity between the original and the replica.
Identity isn’t just about memories – a person with Alzheimers is stil
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H.H. Price
The dead live on in a kind of dream world made up of memories and experiences.
Only souls inhabit this dream world, but they may imagine they have bodies.
Souls would communicate via telepathy
Questions raised:
How would I know who I was telepathically co
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What are near death experiences?
First documented by Ray Moody.
Noted similarities between cases of patients claiming to have had out of body experiences.
They often described things that happened in the room while they were unconscious.
Scientists such as Susan Blackmore dismissed these
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What are mediums?
ESP = “extra-sensory perception”
Discussed by H.H. Price.
Either they are evidence that we continue to survive dis-embodied or that there’s an unconscious part of our mind that can receive and transmit telepathic information.
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What are the positives about Life after death?
Near Death Experiences are common
Some argue that paranormal phenomena e.g. telepathy and ESP can’t just be dismissed scientifically
Almost all cultures have some kind of a belief in Life After Death
Kant argued that we need an afterlife to achieve the su
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What are the negatives of life after death?
What we used to attribute to the soul now can be explained by neuroscience
Hume argues that the mind is to fragile to survive death
It’s hard to explain how a person who is dead can become themselves again in a new life
We will never know if we survive ou
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What is the augustininan theodicy?
Death is a consequence of sin, which is a consequence of the Fall.
All humans suffer as a result of original sin.
God has redeemed believers through the work of Christ.
Not all are saved – those who turn away from Jesus burn in flames for eternity
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What are the Negatives to the augustinian theodicy?
Many find the idea of Hell immoral – is God morally justified in allowing infinite punishment for a finite amount of sin?
Many good people are not Christians whilst many bad people are Christians
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What is the irenaen theodicy?
We are created in a state of immaturity, like an innocent child.
Life is us growing through our experiences and suffering.
At the end of our lives we will reach ultimate happiness, when we will get to see and know God.
Many modern thinkers use this theodi
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What does hich argue about universalism?
Hick argued for the idea of universalism in soul-making whereby Hell is not a literal place and God does not eternally punish people.
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What does richard swinburne believe about death?
Richard Swinburne believed that death is part of a reasonable theodicy as our choices need to be limited by time in order to be significant. He also believed that freedom has to include the possibility of damning ourselves to Hell.
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What do hindus believe about reincarnation of the soul?

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Card 4

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What do christians believe about rebirth?

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