Infectious Disease

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  • Created by: hellactix
  • Created on: 14-02-21 21:26
What are 'controls' in science?
Individuals in an experiment who resemble subjects but are not exposed to the experimental condition.
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What are medical Ethics?
Modern principles that direct how medical professionals interact with patients. Ensures ethical treatment.
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What are the 6 principles of Medical Ethics?
1. Respecting patients autonomy
2. Doing no harm to patient
3. Clear and truthful communication
4. Acting in the patients best interest
5. Maintaining justice, fairness and equality
6. Maintaining confidentiality
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What are parasites?
Organisms that live in or on the body of it's host, at the hosts expense.
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What are protists?
Single celled organisms with the same basic features as an animal cell.
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What are the 6 types of known human pathogens?
Parasites, protists, prions, viruses, fungi, bacteria
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What are bacteria?
Single celled organisms containing free genetic material.
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What are viruses?
Non living infectious agents that resemble containers for one or more strands of genetic material + other chemicals.
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What are prions?
Defective forms of a protein that are normally found in healthy individuals.
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What are the differences between a bacterium and an animal cell?
1. Bacterium has cell wall
2. Bacterium does not have a nucleus, DNA is 'naked'
3. Animal cell has organelles within
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
Encloses cells content and controls the transporting of substances in and out of the cell.
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What is Cytosol?
The fluid within cells where chemical reactions take place.
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What are organelles?
Any membrane enclosed structures within a cell
e.g. Nucleus, mitochondria
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What does DNA do within a cell?
Governs cell function
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What are ectoparaties?
Parasites that live on the surface of the body
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what are endoparasites?
Parasites that live inside the body
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What is commensal bacteria?
'Friendly' bacteria than live on or in a human host without causing harm, and sometimes being beneficial to the host.
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What is the role of commensal bacteria within the body?
Play a role in prevention of infectious diseases, occupy habitats in the body that could otherwise be colonised by pathogens,.
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What do prions do in the brain, and what does this cause?
Prion proteins begin to clump together and causes brain cells to die. This leads to a spongy appearance of the brain.
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What is the difference between mortality rate and morbidity rate?
Mortality rate is regarding death and morbidity rate is regarding the burden of ill health.
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What are childhood cluster diseases?
Common childhood infections with high mortality rates among children, e.g. measles, whooping cough
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What are neonatal infections?
Infections that kill neonates (under 28 days)
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What is meningitis and encephalitis?
Infections caused by bacteria or viruses that damage the brain and/or nervous system.
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What are Lower Respiratory Infections (LRI's)?
Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungal spores, and protists that penetrate the lungs, causing inflammation, fluid buildup, breathing difficulties, and fever.
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Define Incidence in terms of disease.
The number of new cases.
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Define prevalence in terms of disease.
Total number of cases, either:
Particular date 'Point prevalence'
Particular time period 'period prevalence'
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What are Neglected Tropical Diseases?
Diseases that have a significant impact on human health, yet do not attract much funding or media attention.

E.g. Rabies, Schistosomiasis, River Blindness
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Define Epidemiology
The study of the cause, distribution, prevention, and control of diseases, disorders, and disabilities of a population.
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Define Demography
The study of statistical data regarding births, deaths, occupations, marriages, education etc. of populations
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What is casual association?
Evidence that one specific event is causing a specific outcome.
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All human parasites belong to four types of worms. What are these?
- Roundworms
-Tapeworms
-Flukes (flatworms)
-Filarial (Threadworms)
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What is 'statistical significance'?
Evidence of a statistical test that has shown an association between a risk factor and a disease that is unlikely due to chance.
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What are the risk factors of disease?
- Biological
-Socioeconomic
-Behavioural
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What is 'Age Standardisation'?
The adjustment of statistical data in age structures between populations to eliminate misleading data
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What is the freezing and boiling point of water according to the celsius scale?
Freezing 0 C
Boiling 100 C
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What is water needed for within the body?
Medium for chemical reactions, body system lubrication, sweat as a cooling process
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What is the difference between a solvent and a chemical solution?
A solvent is any liquid in which a solid can dissolve, whilst a chemical solution is a resulting mixture of the solid fully dispersing within the solvent.
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Define chemical element
A substance containing only ONE TYPE of atom
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What is a molecule?
A group of two or more atoms, the same of different, held together by chemical bonds
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What is a chemical compound?
A substance formed of more than one different chemical elements.
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What are the two types of models to represent molecules in a 3D way?
Space filling model
Ball and stick model
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What determined the identity of an atom?
The number of protons within the nucleus
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What pathogen causes Cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
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The number of organisms needed to cause the signs and symptoms of a disease is known as what?
Infectious dose
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Low infectious dose = _____________
High Infectivity
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Name two Point-of-use strategies
Sari Cloth Filtering

SODIS
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What are improved water sources?
Piped water or access to covered water sources which are unlikely to be contaminated with faeces
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What is improved sanitation?
Minimum standard of a covered deep hole within the ground with a location preventing faeces contaminating water and soil
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What are the two natural types of defences against infection found in the human body?
Physical and Chemical
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What is the immune system?
A network in the body comprising of specialised cells and other biological molecules which work together to destroy pathogens
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Name the three types of immune response
- Innate
-Adaptive
-Passive
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Define inflammation
A protective reaction of the body in response to any type of injury leading to swelling, redness, pain and heat.
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What happens during inflammation?
Blood vessels dilate and become leaky, immune system cells and proteins flood into area
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Where do Leukocytes spend most of their lives?
The lymphatic system
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What does 'self tolerant' mean when talking about Leukocytes?
Being able to identify and attack foreign material within the body.
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In Innate immunity, what do leukocytes recognise?
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
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What do cytotoxic leukocytes do?
Attack themselves to the outside of pathogens before releases chemicals that break them down.
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What are phagocytic leukocytes also known as and what do they do?
Phagocytes
Follow chemical trails of pathogens and then engulf pathogens into their cytosol which breaks them down
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What cells are involved in adaptive immunity?
B cells and T cells
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What is the secondary adaptive response evidence of?
Immunological memory due to cells known as 'memory cells'
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What do B cells secrete and carry?
Antibodies - large proteins that label pathogens to be destroyed
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Name and describe the two types of T cells
Cytotoxic T cells - Release chemicals to break down pathogens (also breaks down body's own infected cells)

Helper T cells - send activation signals to other involved leukocyes
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What do vaccinations contain?
Dead, extracted, or modified pathogens
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What causes the immunity created from vaccinations?
Immunological memory
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Why is a second vaccination usually needed?
The primary adaptive response will subside

To cause a vigorous secondary response, the second dose shown to create many memory cells
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What are some of the challenges regarding vaccines?
- Opposition
-Barriers to mass vaccination
-Lack of education
-No effective vaccines for many infectious diseases
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What is antimicrobial resistance?
The gained resistance in pathogens against medical drugs that previously effected them, either due to control or elimination.
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Card 2

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What are medical Ethics?

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Modern principles that direct how medical professionals interact with patients. Ensures ethical treatment.

Card 3

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What are the 6 principles of Medical Ethics?

Back

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Card 4

Front

What are parasites?

Back

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Card 5

Front

What are protists?

Back

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