1/100th size of body cell, reproduces rapidly, produces toxins which damages cells and tissues
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viruses
1/100th size of bacterium, reproduce rapidly, uses cell machinery to replicate inside cell, cell bursts and releases virus, cel damage makes you feel ill
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protists
single celled eukaryotes,live in or on a vector, vector transfers protist by feeding on another organism
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fungi
can be made of hyphoe or can be single celled, hyphoe able to penetrate skin and produce spores
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how pathogens spread
water, air, direct contact
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hiv
viral, exchange of body fluids, attacks imune system,can lead to aids
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tobacco mosaic virus
viral, affects plant, creates dark spots on leaves,affects photosynthesis
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rose black spot
fungal, affects plants, purple or black spots appear on leaves of rose plant, affects ability to photosynthesise, can be treated with fungicides
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malaria
protist disease, mosquito are vectors, feed on humans and transfers disease into blood vessels,protected by vaccines, insecticides and mosquito nets over beds
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salmonella
bacterial, caused by eating raw eggs or meat, causes food poisoning, fever, cramps, vomiting cause by toxins produced by bacteria
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gonnorhea
std,yellow/green discharge, pain when urinating, treat with antibiotics
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vaccinations
inject a small peice of dead or inactive into a person, body will produce antibodies which are remembered so if you are ever infected with the disease your body will be able to mass produce antibodies
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pros and cons of vaccinations
pros=control communicablle disease, epidemic less likely to spread if a majority is vaccinated cons=doesnt always provid eimmunity, bad reactions may occur
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how your body protects you from disease
skin-barrier to pathogens,secretes antimicrobacterial substance , nose hair and mucus-traps pathogens , trachea+bronchi-lined with cilia to waft mucus to back of throat,mucus traps pathogens , stomach- hcl to kill pathogens
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antibiotics
dont destroy viruses
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painkillers
relieve pain
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antibiotc resistance
happens if bacteria mutates, then rapidly reproduces and becomes the majority,
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avoiding antibiotic resistance
finish whole coarse of antibiotics so all bacteria is killed, dont overprescribe antibiotics and dont take too manny.
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stages of drug development
1.human tissues and cells-see if its safe 2.animal testing-toxicity 3.clinical test,a:healthy-side effects b:patients-optimum dosage c:placebo, blind or double blind 4.peer review
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creating monoclonal antibodies
merges a fast dividing tumor cell with b-lymphocyte cell from mouse injected with chosen antigen
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what is a monoclonal antibody
clones of a single white blood cell, they are identical
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uses of monoclonal antibodies
pregnancy test- has antibodies stuck to blue beads on the bit you pee on, test ***** has more antibodies blue beads move up ***** and turn line blue
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uses of monoconal antibodies
treat diseas-cancer-tumor markers binds with monoclona antibody, this sticks to tumor an destroys cell
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plants and mineral ions-nitrates
makes proteins, lack=stunted growth
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plants and mineral ions-magnesium
makes chlorophyll, lack=discoloured leaves,chlorosis
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plants defence-physical
waxy cuticle+cell wall=barrier, layers of dead cells around stem=barrier
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