Individuals ad groups extention

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Details of zimbardos prison experiment
Summer of 1971 2-week ‘psychological study of prison life’ 24 participants assigned to be ‘prisoners’ or ‘guards’
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how many days was it stopped after?
6
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what was done to deindividuate them?
Prisoners were arrested, cuffed, taken to prison Processed like real prisoners Guards dressed in khaki and wore sunglasses
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4 reasons to explain situation
normative pressure some situations are ‘evil’ moral judgement is suspended ‘The Lucifer Effect’
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Hannah Arendt (1963)
the banality of evil’ Adolf Eichmann responsible for the Nazi ‘final solution’
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Blass stated ......
people often choose to be in certain positions
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because ---(Carnahan & McFarland, 2007)
fewer people volunteered for a ‘psychological study of prison life’ than a ‘psychological study
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those that did were
more aggressive/more authoritarian/ More machiavellian/More narcissistic/social dominance orientated/less empathic/less altrstic
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Difference between the bbc prison study
No authoritarian instructions Experimenters did not play a role inside the prison Interventions quite different: introducing a trade union negotiator
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Reicher & Haslam 2006 found
Prisoners felt increasingly identified and collectively powerful, guards decreasingly so
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also concluded that
institutional but rather apologetic authority, no guard tyranny, prisoners rebel and eventually revolt once empowered to envision alternatives
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kitty Genevose murter
Apparently 38 residents in nearby apartments witnessed her attack and did nothing (but see Manning et al., 2007) Bystanders’ apparent inaction overshadowed the brutality of the murder (Latané & Darley, 1968)
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Darley & Latané (1968 - similar study
Participants seated in rooms alone, communicating with others through intercom One was a confederate who pretended to have a seizure, ask for help, and begin to choke Participants believed that just they, 1 other participant, or 4 others were present
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Findings
Latané and Darley argued that as the number of bystanders increases, people are… Less likely to notice the problem Less likely to interpret it as a problem Less likely to assume responsibility
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Latane & Rodin (1969): plurastic ignorance
People misinterpreted each other’s actions as sign that they were not concerned Less likely if friends (when misinterpretation is less likely)
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plurastic ignorace
People wrongly assume based on others’ actions that they endorse a norm
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Latané and Darley (1968) smoke test
Pumped smoke into a room whilst people were completing a questionnaire Alone, with 2 others, or with 2 passive confederates…
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Bickman (1972)
Participants led to believe they were in an ESP experiment, with two other “participants” (i.e., confederates) in other rooms “Heard” a bookcase falling on one of them Believed the other confederate could or could not help (in a nearby room, in ano
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findings
speed of helping faster when confederate couldn't help
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Gottlieb & Carver (1980)
Participants who thought they would later have to talk to the “victim” helped faster. When they thought they would have to talk to the victim, the number of other confederates had no effect on response time
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Christy & Voigt (1994)
269 witnesses of public abuse of children; only a quarter reported intervening More likely to intervene when people know or identify with victim
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Harari, Harari, & White (1985) **** scene
Overwhelmingly, men helped Significantly more so when in groups of 2-3 than when alone Perhaps because they felt safer, and presumed norm is to help (also, they typically knew the others they were walking with
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Greitemeyer & Mugge (2015)
The result: Number of bystanders increases intention to help: when the help of many is needed
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Van Bommel et al. (2012):
“Public self-awarenes the presence of a camera also has the same reversing effect. Being aware of how you look to others and feeling accountable changes the psychological meaning of bystanders: from alternative helpers to an observing audience
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Levine and Crowther (2008)
Participants took part in one lab study, then witnessed the male experimenter verbally attack a female confederate (allegedly another experimenter) for coming into his experiment and asking for participants to help her.
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findings
Among women (same sex as victim), same-sex bystanders increase helping/Among men (other sex than victim), other-sex bystanders increase helping
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Other cards in this set

Card 2

Front

how many days was it stopped after?

Back

6

Card 3

Front

what was done to deindividuate them?

Back

Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

Front

4 reasons to explain situation

Back

Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

Front

Hannah Arendt (1963)

Back

Preview of the front of card 5
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