Individualistic Theories

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  • Created by: Ellen122
  • Created on: 16-03-21 18:35
Observational Learning
Albert Bandura 1961
Learn from our role models whose behaviours, attitudes and dress we are likly to copy
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Role Theory
Idealise that we try to live up to certain lifestyle expectations that often influence the way we behave
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Bobo Doll Experiement
60s and 70s
Children observed their parents 'playing' with the doll either nicely or aggressively
The children were then allowed into the room with lots of toys and the doll
The children imitated their parent's behaviour
Social behaviour can be acquired b
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Issues with the Bobo Doll Experiment
Their purpose is to be pushed
Not realistic
Small study, though scientific
Ignores the nature debate
Can aggression be measured?
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Models
Anyone whose behaviour is observed is called a model
Models are likelu to be similar (sex or age), powerful (relative or teacher), and caring ( parent or teacher)
Their behaviour is likely to be reinforced if the model's behaviour is reinforced with pleas
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Imitation and Reinforcement
If the observer imitates the behaviour the behaviour has been learned
They are more likely to repeat the behaviouif they themselves are reinforced for the behaviour and punished, they are less likely to repeat the behaviour
A child who has seen problems s
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Sutherland
Considered that one explanation for criminal behaviour comes from differential associations
Criminals learn behaviours from others
Prisons are referred to as 'universities of crime' as prisoners teach others on how to commit crime effectively
Young offend
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James Bulger Killers - Bandura Theory
Violent video games and films such as Child's Play Three
Would have learnt how to act violently from those
Thompson had poor role models with estrangement, abuse and poverty
Veneables saw Thompson as a role model
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Differential Association Theory
Sutherland
1939
Criminals were made not born
Created through socialisation
Take on the view of criminal social groups
People vary frequency with which they socialise in various groups
Mixing with criminal people will make it more likely that the individu
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Eysenck's Personality Test
Argues that criminals have a particular personality type
Criminals and non-criminals differ on certain aspects of personality
Differences in personality have a biological basis, but are also moderated by our environment
Bridge the gap between biological a
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Three Aspects of Personality
Extraversion - sociable, irresponsible, dominant, lack of reflection
Neuroticism - anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-estee,
Psychoticism - aggressive, assertive, egocentric, unsympathetic
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Psychoticism
Aggressive, assertive, egocentric, unsymathetic, manipulativm achievement, oriented, dogmatic, masculine, tough-minded
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Extraversion
Sociable, irresponsible, dominant, lack of reflection, sensation-seeking, impulsive, risk-taking, expressive, active
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Neuroticism
Anxious, depressed, guilt feelings, low self-esteem, tense, moody, hypochrondriac, lack of autonomy, obsessive
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Personality
Causes of personality are biological
Each aspect of personality can be traced back to a different biological cause
Criminals inherit a type of nervous system that affects their ability to learn and adapt to their environment
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Extraversion and Introversion
Extroverts are usually outgoing, sociable people who seek stimulation. Take risks and are thrill seekers
E have an under aroused nervous system and seek stimulation to restore the level of optimum stimulation
I are quite and reserved as they have over-aro
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Neuroticism and Stability
Determined by the reactivity of their sympathetic nervous system
Stable - nervous system will be less reactive to stressful situations remaining calm and level headed
Neurotic - unstable and prone to overreacting to stimuli and may be quick to anger or fe
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Psychoticism and Normality
High levels of testosterone
Higher levels the higher the level of psychoticism
Low levels causing normal balanced behaviour
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Socialisation and Personality
Failed socialisation causes criminal behaviour
Learn through operant conditioning
Conditioning and socialisation is impacted by the three aspects of personality
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Introverts and Conditioning
Learn quickly
Extroverts condition slower causing poor socialisation and increases the likelihood of criminal behaviour
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Neuroticism and Conditioning
High levels of neuroticism increases sttrength of other aspects ofpersonality
High scores of neuroticism will increase the extent to which someone is extroverted or introverted
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High Levels of Extraversion and Neuroticism
Do not learn effectively
Do not learn society's rules and break social norms easily
Do not respond well to punishment
More common in criminal populations
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Psychoticism and Criminality
Relationship between crime and psychosis
Aggression, rule breaking and impulsivity]
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Cognitive Theory
How information recieved from our senses is processed by the brain and how this processing directs how we behave
Looks at how various cognitive functions work togther to help us make sense of the world
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Cognitive Functions
Memory - how we store and recall information
Perception - how we see the world
Thinking - how do we process information
Language - how do we communicate
Attention - how do we notice what's around us
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Cognitive Distortions
Criminals suffer from several cognitive distortions
Patterns of thinking that do not reflect reality
Distortions include: attributions, perceptions of consquences, moral reasoning
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Errors in Attribution
'process by which an individual attempts to construct causal explanations for his or her behaviour and the behaviour of others'
Gudjonsson and Singh 1988
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Internal (Dispositioal) Attribution
Behaviour is due to personality trait
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External (Situational) Attribution
The behaviour is due to factors in the environment
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What Causes Internal Attribution Behaviours?
It is something within the person we observe i.e. personality
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What Causes External Attribution Behaviours?
It is caused by something outside the person we observe i.e. their situation
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Fundamental Attribution Error
Attribute another's actions to their character or personality
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Hostile Attribution Bias
Extent to which an individual interprets the actions of others as hostile
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Gudjonsson 1984
Developed the Blame Attribution Inventory (BAI)
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External Attributions
Criminals are more likely to blame their criminal behaviour on external factors such as society, the social circumstances in which they find themselves or blame the victim
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Mental-element Attribution
Criminals may blame their crimes on mental illess or a lack of self-control
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Guilt-feeling Attribution
Feelings of regret or remorse for committing their crimes
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Magnification and Minimalisation
Our perception of the consquence of the situation in which we find ourselves
Very common cognitive errors that nearly all people will experience in their day to day life
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Criminals and Minimalised
Criminals are prone to minimalistic thinking
Underplay consquences of their actions
Criminal behaviour can be engaged in with minimal guilt and other negative emotions
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Self-control
Problems with impulsive behaviour
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Cognitive Style
Individuals may lack empathy or have difficulty with abstract social concepts so it is hard for them to achieve social harmony or understand principles of justice
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Social Perspective Taking
Egocentric prisoners may be unable to see other people's perspecttive or fail to understand that they should consider other people
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Values
Prisoners typically have poor moral reasoning skills e.g. they may be unable to see there is a mismatch between their actions and their beliefs
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Criminal Reasoning
Prisoners thinking is often irrational and illogical and they avoid self-analysis. This allows them to justify what they are doing by blaming others rather than accepting that they are responsible for their own behaviour
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Hollin et al. 2002
Found that following justifications were common three different stages
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Preconventional
Breaking the law is justified if punishment can be avoided or if the rewards outweigh the costs
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Conventional
Breaking the law is justified if it helps to maintain relationships or society
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Postconventional
Breaking the law is justified if it helps maintain human rights or further social justice
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Hollin Conclusion
Found that crimes are more likely to be committed by people at a lower level of moral development, so offenders are characteristically less mature with regard to their moral reasoning than non-offenders
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Psychodynamic
Childhood experiences mold you into who you are
All behaviour has a cause, no free wik
Personality has three parts; id, ego, superego
Parts of unconscious mind are in constant conflict with the conscious mind creating anxiety with the ego using defense me
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Tripartite Personality
Id - selfish, animalistic urges - instinct - driven by principles of pleasure
Ego - rational, sensitive and control - reality - driven by the reality principle
Superego - conscience and morality - morality - the conscience
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Faulty Relationship
Result in inadequate ego and superego
Make it impossible for the child to control their delinquent impulses
Id and supereho are unbalanced by the ego
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Maternal Deprivation
Main caregiver has a special bond with a child
If bond is broken through separation particularly during the first two years of life, the child may suffer lasting effects
They lose the sense of having a safe world and feel rejected
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Bowlby 1946
Studied 44 juvenile delinquents and compared them with non-criminally disturbed juveniles
39% of juvenile delinquents had expereinced complete separation from their mothers for six mothers or more during the first five years of their lives compared with 5
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The Id
Present from birth
Impulsive (unconscious) part of our personality
Demands immediate satisfaction
The Pleasure Principle
Selfish and uncaring
Uncontrolled aggression
Aim of the id is to gain pleasure and gratification at any cost
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Id Characteristics
Instinctive and primitive
Centre of wants and primal desire
Demands immediate satisfaction
Located in the subconscious
Unsconsciouly tries to satisfy basic
Sexual and aggressive desires
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Ego
Develops around 2 years of age
Conscious rational part of the mind
Conforms to the 'reality principle'
Ego balances the conflicting demands of the id and superego in a socially acceptable way
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Ego Characteristic
Rationality
Ensure that ids wants are acceptable in the real world
Mostly located in the conscious part
Moderator between id and superego
Logical aspect of personality
Conscious part of personality with executive powers
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Superego
Develops at around 4 years of age
Last part of our personality to develop
Preconscious child's sense of right and wrong and the ideal self
Seeks to perfect and civilise our behaviour
Allows identification with parents and adults
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Superego Characteristics
Sense of right and wrong
In conscious and unconscious
Learned rights and wrongs that control you
Moral aspects of personality
Represents internalised ideals and provides standards of judgement
What we should do
Right and wrong
The conscious - prevents us
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Weak Superego
Results in a person with few if any of the usual inhibitions against antiosocial behaviour
Act in ways that gratified their id
Regardless of the social restraints of doing so
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Deviant Superego
Results in a person who's superego has developed deviant values
A child with criminal parents might develop a superego that does not react to criminal acts in a normal way
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Stong Superego
Makes a person anxious and guilty much of the time
Every time they acted on the id's desires their superego would punish them for it
Result in a person committting crimes in order to get caught and punished to feel the guilt imposed by their own superego
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Excessively Strong Superego
Prevents a person from expressing any of the antisocial impulses that inevitably build up in their unconscious
The aggression or sexual desire could build up over time
The desires become strong enough to overwhelm the ego
Expressed suddenly and violently
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Card 2

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Role Theory

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Idealise that we try to live up to certain lifestyle expectations that often influence the way we behave

Card 3

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Bobo Doll Experiement

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Preview of the front of card 3

Card 4

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Issues with the Bobo Doll Experiment

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Preview of the front of card 4

Card 5

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Models

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